Electricity Magnetism

Electromagnetism

Introduction to Electrodynamics by D. J.
Griffith

Engineering Electromagnetic by William
H. Hayt & J A Buck

Principles of Electromagnetics by Matthew
N. O. Sadiku

James Clerk Maxwell Michael Faraday
Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetism
Light, microwaves, x-rays, and TV and radio
transmissions are all kinds of electromagnetic waves.
They are all the same kind of wavy disturbance that
repeats itself over a distance called the wavelength.




.


A fundamental interaction
between the magnetic field
and the presence and motion
of an electric charge
Electromagnetism
A Field is any physical quantity which takes on
different values at different points in space.
Electricity and magnetism are different
aspects of electromagnetism
A moving
electric charge
produces
magnetic fields
Changing
magnetic fields
move electric
charges
Charges in motion (an electrical current)
produce a magnetic field
Magnetic field from electricity
A static distribution of charges
produces an electric field
A changing magnetic field produces an electric current in a loop surrounding the field
Electricity from changing magnetic
field (Induced Current)
(electromagnetic induction, or Faradays Law)
The Electricity and Magnetism

A changing magnetic (electric) field produces an
electric (magnetic) field.

Electric (Magnetic) field produces force on charges

An accelerating charge produces electro-magnetic
waves (radiation)

Both electric and magnetic fields can transport energy
Electric field energy used in electrical circuits.

Magnetic field carries energy through transformer.

Electromagnetic
Waves
A changing electric field can give rise to a changing
magnetic field, and vise versa.

In an electromagnetic wave, the electric and magnetic
fields keep each other going so that it can propagate
through free space.

The energy (E) associated with the em wave is hv .Thus
the frequency of oscillation determines the energy that the
wave will carry.

Higher frequency waves such as Gamma rays
carry significantly more energy than smaller
frequency waves like radio waves or visible light.

An electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave, with the electric and magnetic fields
oscillating at right angles to each other.
Electromagnetic
Radiation
Interrelated electric and magnetic fields traveling through space
All electromagnetic radiation travels at speed c = 310
8
m/s in
vacuum.
real number is 299792458.0 m/s exactly

Electromagnetic waves travel through empty space!
An electromagnetic
(EM) wave can be
described using
vectors, as it has both
magnitude and
directional
components

It is a transverse
wave, which means it
vibrates at right
angles to the direction
in which it travels

Properties of Electromagnetic
Waves
This 3D diagram shows a plane
linearly polarized wave
propagating from left to right
with the same wave equations.
When two or more such waves meet they can
interact in a variety of ways.
If two waves meet, and are of the same
frequency, amplitude and phase, then they will
constructively interfere with each other to
produce a wave with twice the amplitude.
If the two waves met and were out of phase by
180 then they would destructively interfere and
therefore cancel each other out .
Examples of Electromagnetic Radiation
AM and FM radio waves (including TV signals)
Cell phone communication links
Microwaves
Infrared radiation
Light
X-rays
Gamma rays
Uses of Electromagnetic Waves
Communication systems
One-way and two-way
Radar
Cooking (with microwaves)
Medical Imaging (X rays)
Night Vision (infrared)
Astronomy (radio, wave, IR, visible, UV, gamma)
All that we experience through our eyes is conveyed by
electromagnetic radiation
The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Relationship between frequency, speed and wavelength
v = c

Different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation are better suited
to different purposes.

The electromagnetic spectrum is the full range of frequencies or
wavelengths at which a wave can oscillate.

The wavelength is the distance a wave will travel during one full
cycle or oscillation. What our eyes detect as visible light are
electromagnetic waves with a wavelength between 750nm and
400nm.

Electrostatics: Charges are at rest
(no time-variation)

Magnetostatics: Charges are in steady motion
(no time-variation)

Electrodynamics: Charges are in time-varying
motion
(give rise to waves that propagate and carry
energy and information)
What is a charge q?
Fundamental EM Field
Quantities
Electric Field Intensity E
V/m
Electric Flux Density D
C/m2
Magnetic Field Intensity H
A/m
Magnetic Flux Density B
T
Three Universal Constants
Fundamental Relationships
RECTANGULAR
CYLINDRICAL
SPHERICAL
Choice is based on
symmetry of problem
Examples:
Sheets - RECTANGULAR
Wires/Cables - CYLINDRICAL
Spheres - SPHERICAL
The coordinate surfaces of
the Cartesian coordinates
(x, y, z). The z-axis is
vertical and the x-axis is
highlighted in green.
Thus, the red plane shows
the points with x=1, the
blue plane shows the points
with z=1, and the yellow
plane shows the points with
y=-1. The three surfaces
intersect at the point P
(shown as a black sphere)
with the Cartesian
coordinates (1, -1, 1).
The coordinate surfaces of the
cylindrical coordinates (r, u, z).
The red cylinder shows the
points with r=2, the blue plane
shows the points with z=1, and
the yellow half-plane shows the
points with u =60. The z-axis
is vertical and the x-axis is
highlighted in green. The three
surfaces intersect at the point P
with those coordinates (shown
as a black sphere); the
Cartesian coordinates of P are
roughly (1.0, 1.732, 1.0).
Illustration of spherical
coordinates. The red sphere
shows the points with r = 2,
the blue cone shows the
points with inclination (or
elevation) = 45, and the
yellow half-plane shows the
points with azimuth
= 60. The zenith
direction is vertical, and the
zero-azimuth axis is
highlighted in green. The
spherical coordinates
(2,45,60) determine the
point of space where those
three surfaces intersect,
shown as a black sphere.
Cartesian Coordinates
P(x, y, z)
Spherical Coordinates
P(r, , )
Cylindrical Coordinates
P(r, , z)
x
y
z
P(x,y,z)

z
r
x
y
z
P(r, , z)


r
z
y
x
P(r, , )
Orthogonal Coordinate Systems
x
z
y
UNIT VECTORS

k
Unit Vector
Representation
for Rectangular
Coordinate
System

i
The Unit Vectors imply :

k
Points in the direction of increasing x
Points in the direction of increasing y
Points in the direction of increasing z
Rectangular Coordinate System
Cartesian Coordinate
System

x y z
x y z
B B i B j B k
A A i A j A k
= + +
= + +
cosu = = + +
AB x x y y z z
A B A B A B A B A B
Scalar Product

u = =
AB x y z
x y z
i j k
A B A B sin A A A
B B B
Vector Product
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
x y z
A A A A
B B B B
= + +
= + +
Magnitude of vector
x
y
z
A
x

A
y

A
z

A

x
y
z
Z plane
x plane

i

j

k
x
1

y
1

z
1

A
x

A
y

A
z

) , , (
1 1 1
z y x A

Base vector properties

. 1


0
i i j j k k
i j j k k i
= = =
= = =

i j k
j k i
k i j
=
=
=
The right-handed Cartesian coordinate system indicating the coordinate planes.
A three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, with origin O and axis lines X, Y and
Z, oriented as shown by the arrows. The tic marks on the axes are one length unit apart.
The black dot shows the point with coordinates X = 2, Y = 3, and Z = 4, or (2,3,4).
METRIC COEFFICIENTS
1. Rectangular Coordinates:
When a small distance is moved in x-direction, the displacement is dx
Similarly dx and dy can be generated
Unit is in meters
Cartesian Coordinates
Differential quantities:

Length:


Area:






Volume:
dz z dy y dx x l d
+ + =

dxdy z s d
dxdz y s d
dydz x s d
z
y
x

=
=
=

dxdydz dv =
AREA INTEGRALS
integration over 2 delta distances
dx
dy
Example:
x
y
2
6
3 7
AREA =
} }
7
3
6
2
dx dy
= 16
Note that: z =constant







CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
The coordinate surfaces of the
cylindrical coordinates (, , z).
The red cylinder shows the
points with r=2, the blue plane
shows the points with z=1, and
the yellow half-plane shows the
points with =60. The z-axis
is vertical and the x-axis is
highlighted in green. The three
surfaces intersect at the point P
with those coordinates (shown
as a black sphere); the
Cartesian coordinates of P are
roughly (1.0, 1.732, 1.0).
Cylindrical Coordinate
Surfaces. The three
orthogonal components, r
(green), (red), and z
(blue), each increasing at a
constant rate. The point is
at the intersection between
the three colored surfaces
VECTOR REPRESENTATION: CYLINDRICAL
COORDINATES
Cylindrical representation uses: r ,| , z
z z r r a A a A a A A

+ + = | |

r r z z A B A B A B A B = + +
UNIT VECTORS:
( )
z r
a a a

|
ScalarProduct
1
1
1
r r
z z
a a
a a
a a

=
=
=
is azimuth angle
P (r, , z)
r
|
z
P
x
z
y
VECTOR REPRESENTATION: UNIT VECTORS
Cylindrical Coordinate System
z
a

|
a

r
a

The Unit Vectors imply :

z
a

Points in the direction of increasing r

Points in the direction of increasing
Points in the direction of increasing z
r
a

|
a

Cylindrical Coordinates:
Distance = r d|
x
y
d|
r
Differential Distances:
( dr, rd|, dz )
dr is infinitesimal displacement along r,
r d is along and
dz is along z direction.
y
Differential quantities:

Length element:



Area element:






Volume element:


r r z z
r z
dl a dl a dl adl
dl a dr a rd adz
|

u
= + +
= + +
|
|
| |
rdrd a s d
drdz a s d
dz rd a s d
z z
r r

=
=
=

dz d dr r dv | =
Limits of integration of r, , are 0<r< , 0<z < , o< <2
Cylindrical Coordinates
Show that Volume of a Cylinder of radius
R and height H is
H R
dz d rdr
dz d dr r dv V
R H
v
2
0
2
0 0
t

t
=
=
= =
} } }
} }
H R
2
t
Find out the are of curved surface of a right
circular cylinder of radius 2m, height 5m
and phi is 0 to 2pi.
R is constant,
Radial component of area = dA
r

2
2
0 0
20
2
m
RH
dz rd dA
H
t
t

t
=
=
=
} }


Physical systems which have cylindrical symmetry are
often most conveniently treated by using cylindrical
coordinates.

1.Cylindrical capacitor

2.Electric field of line charge.



Applications







SPHERICAL COORDINATES
In last slides we looked at
cylindrical coordinates -- a
system of coordinates
that is very useful when
the important things about
a three-dimensional point
are its distance from the
z-axis and its angle from
the positive xy-plane.
Now we look at situations
in which the important
things about a point are
its distance from the
origin and, using terms
from geography, its
latitude and longitude. In
this situation we use
spherical coordinates.
(r, theta ,phi)
The first of these coordinates -- r--
denotes the point's distance from the
origin. The movie below shows the sets
of points with rho = 0.2, 0.3, ... 1.0.
The second coordinate -- theta --is very similar to latitude.
Think of yourself as located at the origin with your right hand
pointing straight upward along the positive z-axis. Then face
the point in question and lower your right hand until it is
pointing at this point. The angle by which your right hand is
lowered is the coordinate phi. Notice if theta = 0 then the point
is on the positive z-axis; if theta = pi / 2 then the point is in the
xy-plane; and if theta = pi then the point is on the negative z-
axis. The movie below shows points with constant values of
theta for theta = 0, pi / 16, 2 pi / 16, ... pi.
The third coordinate --
phi -- is identical to the
coordinate theta used
in cylindrical
coordinates. It
measures the angle
from the positive xz-
plane to the point. The
movie below shows
points with constant
values of theta.
This system of coordinates is very similar to the system -- longitude
and latitude -- of coordinates used to describe points on the earth's
surface.
SPHERI CAL COORDI NATES
r
|
P
x
z
y
u
Spherical representation uses: r ,u , |
UNI T VECTORS:
( )
| u
a a a
r

| | u u
a A a A a A A
r r

+ + =

is zenith angle( starts from +Z reaches up to Z) ,

is azimuth angle (starts from +X direction and lies in x-y plane )
P (r, , )
Illustration of spherical
coordinates. The red
sphere shows the
points with r = 2, the
blue cone shows the
points with inclination
(or elevation) = 45,
and the yellow half-
plane shows the
points with
azimuth = 60. The
zenith direction is
vertical, and the zero-
azimuth axis is
highlighted in green.
The spherical
coordinates
(2,45,60) determine
the point of space
where those three
surfaces intersect,
shown as a black
sphere.
r

u

|
UNIT VECTORS
Spherical Coordinate System
r
|
P
x
z
y
u
u
a

|
a

r
a

The Unit Vectors imply :

Points in the direction of increasing r
Points in the direction of increasing
Points in the direction of increasing u
r
a

|
a

u
a

3. Spherical Coordinates:
Distance = r sinu d|
x
y
d|
r sinu
Differential Distances:
( dr, rdu, r sinu d| )
r
|
P
x
z
y
u
METRIC COEFFICIENTS
dr is infinitesimal displacement along r,
r d is along and
r sin d is along direction.
r sin
Spherical Coordinates
Limits of integration of r, , are 0<r< , 0< < , o< <2
Show that Volume of a sphere of radius R is
2
2
2
0 0 0
3
3
sin
sin
2 2
3
4
3
v
R
V dv r dr d d
r dr d d
R
x x
R
t t
u u |
u u |
t
t
= =
=
=
=
} }
} } }
3
4
3
t R
Representation of differential length (length element) dl in different coordinate systems:

x y z dl dxa dya dza = + +

r z dl dra rd a dza = + +

sin u u u r dl dra rd a r d a = + +
rectangular
cylindrical
spherical
METRIC COEFFICIENTS
Spherical Coordinates
Differential quantities:

Length Element:





Area Element:








Volume Element:
u u + + =
u + + =
u
d R Rd dR R
dl dl dl R l d
R
u u u
u
u
sin

u u
u
u
u
d sin R dl
Rd dl
dR dl
R
=
=
=
u u u d dRd sin R dv
2
=
u u u
u u u u
u u u
u u
u u
u u
RdRd

dl dl

s d
dRd sin R

dl dl

s d
d d sin R R

dl dl R

s d
R
R
R
= =
= =
= =

2

Physical systems which have spherical symmetry are often most
conveniently treated by using spherical polar coordinates.

1. I f the potential of the physical system to be examined is
spherically symmetric, then the Schrodinger equation in
spherical coordinates can be used to advantage.

2. Electric potential of sphere


Applications of Spherical Coordinates