Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prabhakar Dhekne
GSM
wireless PABX using PCS standards such as DECT or
PHS/PACS
satellite and microwave backhaul
Identify/develop mobile
computing solutions and
effector systems integrated
with existing wireless
infrastructure
App Server
DB
optimized)
Variety of interesting devices (e.g. Treo, Sidekick)
Wireless Max
High Speed 40-70 Mbps
Mid-range (30 Kmeters)
Eliminate the need for cables
Saving of wired cost
Operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band
IEEE standard 802.16
Infrastructured networks
Handoff
location management (mobile IP)
channel assignment
authentication, confidentiality)
Ad Hoc Routing Protocols
Multicasting and
Broadcasting
August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 19
Indoor Environments
Three popular technologies
- High Speed Wireless LANs (802.11b
(2.4GHz, 11 Mbps), 802.11a (5GHz, 54 Mbps
& higher)
- Wireless Personal area Networks PANs
(IEEE 804.14)
HomeRF
Bluetooth, 802.15
Rapidly deployable
infrastructure
Wireless: cabling
impractical
Ad-Hoc: no advance • Network of access devices
planning • Wireless: untethered
Backbone network: • Ad-hoc: random deployment
wireless IP routers • Edge network: Sensor networks,
Personal Area Networks (PANs), etc.
service
Variable Bandwidth
Disconnected Operation
Limited Power
system support?
(commercial hardware)
Linux and embedded OS forwarding and sensor nodes
(custom)
radio link and global network monitoring/visualization
tools
802.11b
prototype ad-hoc discovery and routing protocols
Management PDA
stations
Radio Monitor
802.11b
Forwarding Node/AP Linux PC
AP (custom)
Commercial
Router network 802.11
Compute
with arbitrary topology
& storage
servers
Sensor Node
PC-based (custom)
August 24, 2006
PC Linux router Talk at SASTRA 35
What is a WSN?
Sensor: The device Observer: The end user/computer
128Kb-1Mb
Limited Storage Memory
Embedded 8 bit, 10 MHz
Processor Slow Computation
Requires
Supervision Sensor
Multiple sensors Limited Lifetime
Battery
Backbone
Net Switch Network
In Hospital
Physician Net Switch
Wireless Remote
consultation
Sensors equipped
with BlueTooth
(compass)
Weather data: Temperature,
Humidity,
August 24, 2006
Pressure, Light
Talk at SASTRA 45
Other Examples
MIT d'Arbeloff Lab – The ring sensor
Monitors the physiological status of
the wearer and transmits the
information to the medical
professional over the Internet
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Nose-on-a-chip is a MEMS-based
sensor
It can detect 400 species of gases
and transmit a signal indicating the
level to a central control station
VERICHIP: Miniaturised, Implanted,
Identification
August 24, 2006Technology Talk at SASTRA 46
Structural Health
Monitoring
Accelerometer board prototype,
RuizSandoval, Nagayama & Spencer,
Civil E., U. Illinois UrbanaChampaign
Semiactive Hydraulic Damper
Model bridge with attached wireless sensors, (SHD), Kajima Corporation, Japan
B.F. Spencer’s Lab, Civil E., U. Illinois UC
August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 47
Application in
Environment Monitoring
Measuring
Pollutants monitored by sensors in
concentration
Pass on
information to ST
monitoring station
Predict current Sensors report to the base
monitoring station
location of
pollutant volume
based on various
parameters
August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 48
August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 49
Vehicular Traffic Control
US FCC allocated
5.850 to 5.925 GHz
dedicated short range
communication (DSRC)
Road side to
Vehicle
Vehicle to
vehicle
communication
VMesh: Distributed Data Sensing, Relayin
Networks
August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 51
Network characteristics of
WSN
protocols
extends the utility Wired Network
and reach of low-cost/high speed WiFi
equipment AP1 Infrastructure AP2
802.11 Access to
AP
Ad-hoc access
To FN
Forwarding
Node (FN)
Mobile Node (MN)
(end-user)
Forwarding Node (FN)
Self-organizing
Ad-hoc WLAN
Configuration Table
Middleware
Sensor design
Self-organizing network, that requires
0-configuration of sensors
Random or planned deployment of
sensors, and collators
Auto-addressing
Auto-service discovery
Sensor localization
August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 61
Power
Consumption
Limited Power Source
Battery Lifetime is limited
Each sensor node plays a dual role of
data originator and data router (data
processor)
The malfunctioning of a few nodes
consumes lot of energy (rerouting of
August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 62
Environmental Factors
Wireless sensors need to operate in
conditions that are not encountered
by typical computing devices:
Rain, sleet, snow, hail, etc.
Wide temperature variations
May require separating sensor from
electronics
High humidity
Saline or other corrosive substances
High wind
August 24, 2006 speeds Talk at SASTRA 63
Historical Comparison
Consider a 40 Year Old Computer
Model Honeywell H-300 Mica 2