Economic Load Dispatch

Optimum scheduling problem in power

system generally can be partitioned into two
sub problems namely optimum allocation of
units (generator) called unit commitment (U.C)
and optimum allocation of generation to each
unit called economic load dispatch (E.L.D) or
economic load scheduling (E.L.S).They both
combined together called optimal unit
commitment.Unit commitment should be
solved first before go for economic load
scheduling problem.
Optimal Unit Commitment
U.C E.L.D
O.U.C
(OUT)
UNITS
(IN)
METHODS OF GEN
SCHEDULING
Base loading to capacity: -Loaded to capacity according to
their Efficiencies
Base loading to most efficient load:-Loaded to their
most efficient load according to their heat rates
Loading proportional to capacity:-Loaded
proportional to their capacities
Loading proportional to most efficient load: -
Loaded to their most efficient load.If loaded all units, additional load is
distributed proportional to the difference between the rated capacity and the
most efficient load
Incremental loading: -The load is divided to keep the units
operating at equal incremental cost.
Thermal plant modeling:
Heat rate curve:-Heat Energy needed to generate one unit
of Electrical Energy.
Input / output curve:-Input energy rate (Mcal/h) or cost
of fuel used per hour (Rs/h) as a function of generator output. It is a
concave curve.
Incremental cost:-It is the ratio of small change in input to
small change in output. Mathematically it is defined as below
&Expressed as (Rs/Kwh)
Incremental cost= input / output i.e.dCi / dPGi
Heat rate curve:- Heat rate curveH
i
(P
Gi
) which is
the heat energy (Mkcal) needed to generate one unit
of electrical energy (MWh)
Input / output curve:-Input energy rate (Mcal/h) or
cost of fuel used per hour (Rs/h) as a function of generator
output. It is a concave curve.
Incremental cost:-It is the ratio of small change in
input to small change in output. Mathematically it is defined
as below &Expressed as (Rs/Kwh)
Incremental cost= input / output i.e.dCi / dPGi





















1
2
N
Scheduling without Tr. Losses
F1
F2
FN
P1
P2
P3
Pr
Scheduling Without
Tr Losses
We assume that the inequality constraints is not
effective, and

k k
P
Gi
= P
D
or ( P
Gi
) P
D
= 0
i=1 i=1


Using this method we define an augmented cost
function (lagrangian) as
k
C = C - ( P
Gi
P
D
)

i=1


( C / P
Gi
) = 0; For minimization purpose

Or dC
i
/ dP
Gi
= , i =1,2,3,k

Where dC
i
/ dP
Gi
is the incremental cost of the
i
th

generator (Rs / Mwh )

dC
1
/ dP
G1
= dC
2
/ dP
G2
= ---- = dC
n
/ dC
Gk
=

This is called coordination Equation

This equation tells that optimum loading of units
are so happened when ever the units face equal
incremental cost





































1
2
N
Scheduling With Tr. Losses
F1
F2
FN
P1
P2
P3
Pr


TR
NETWORK
LOSSES
Scheduling with Tr. Losses


) / ( ) (
1 1
h Rs P P P P C C
m
i
L D Gi
m
i
Gi i
(
(

=

= =

=
=
m
i
L D Gi
P P P
1
0


= =
=
m
i
n
i
L Di Gi
P P P
1 1
0
, 0 / / / = c c + = c c
Gi L Gi i Gi
P P dP dC P C
(i=1, 2, . . ., m
Coordination Equation
,
( )
=
c c
i i
Gi L
Gi i
L IC or
P P
dP dC
) (
/ 1
/

( )
Gi L i
P P L c c = / 1 / 1
is called the penalty factor of the i
th
plant
The Lagrangian multiplier has the units of rupees
per megawatt-hour.


Minimum fuel cost is obtained, when the incremental
fuel cost of each plant multiplied by its penalty factor
is the same for all the plants

The partial derivative cP
L
/cP
Gi
is referred to as the
incremental transmission loss (ITL)
i
, associated with
the i
th
generating plant.


| |; ) ( 1 ) (
i i
ITL IC =





This equation is referred to as the exact coordination
equation
SEQUENCE OF ADDING
UNITS
If there are four units A, B, C, and D
feeding the power system, each having
capacity 150 MW such that B has the
lowest heat rate, D has next higher heat
rate, A has still higher and C has the
highest heat rate. The loads at which the
units are to be added are given by the
points of intersection as shown in fig .
TOTAL STATION LOADS, (Mw)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
ADD D ADD A

ADD C
UNITS B, D, A & C
UNITS B, D & A
UNITS
B&D

UNIT B

H
E
A
T

R
A
T
E


K
-
C
A
L
/
K
W
H


2600
2550
2500

2450
Constraints of Scheduling

-
Power balance constraints


Spinning reserve constraints

N



( U
n
P

G max , n
) >= ( P
D, t
+R
t
) .

n=1



N


U
n
P
G
n
,
t
=P

D, t .


n=1


Thermal Constraints



(down state)
(up state)
0
1
t
1
(up) t
2
(up) t
3
(up)
(up) time
t
1
(down) t
2
(down) t
3
(down)
Repair
Failure
Down
Time
Time
Fig: Random Unit performance record neglecting
scheduled outages
Security Constraints





P
Gi min
< P
Gi
< P
Gi max

1.Hydro constraints:Unit commitment cannot be
completely separated from the scheduling of hydro units
2. Must Run: Some units are given a must-run status
during certain times of the year for reason of voltage support
on the transmission network or for such purposes as supply of
steam for uses outside the steam plant itself.

:
Units generation capacity constraints
Other Constraints
Fuel Constraints:A system in which some units
have limited fuel, or else have constraints that require
them to burn a specified amount of fuel in a given
RESULT OBTAINED BY
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

load op-cost L.D -1 L.D 2 L.D -3

400 41625.60 160 127 113

405 42557.85 162 128 115

410 43500.00 164 130 116

415 44452.85 166 132 117

420 45415.60 168 133 119

425 46388.75 170 135 120

430 47372.40 172 136 122

435 48365.85 174 138 123

440 49370.00 176 140 124

445 50384.15 178 141 126

450 51408.60 180 143 127

455 52443.40 183 144 128

460 53488.40 184 146 130

465 54543.60 187 147 131

470 55609.15 189 149 132

475 56685.00 191 150 134

480 57770.85 193 152 135

485 58867.40 195 154 136

490 59973.75 197 155 138

495 61090.60 199 157 139

500 62217.85 201 158 141

505 63355.00 203 160 142

510 64502.85 205 162 143

515 65660.60 207 163 145

520 66828.75 209 165 146

525 68007.40 211 166 148


















845 164773.59 343 267 235

1050 248855.84 427 332 291

850 166619.16 345 269 236

1055 251122.41 429 334 292

855 168475.00 347 270 238

1060 253398.75 431 335 294

860 170340.84 349 272 239

1065 255685.59 433 337 295

865 172217.41 351 274 240

1070 257982.84 435 338 297

870 174103.75 353 275 242

1075 260290.00 437 340 298

875 176000.59 355 277 243

1080 262607.84 439 342 299

880 177907.84 357 278 245

1080 262607.84 439 342 299

885 179825.00 359 280 246

1085 264935.59 441 343 301

890 181752.84 361 282 247

1090 267273.75 443 345 302

895 183690.59 363 283 249

1095 269622.41 445 346 304

900 185638.75 365 285 250

1100 271980.84 447 348 305

905 187597.41 367 286 252

1105 274350.00 449 350 306

910 189565.84 369 288 253

1110 276729.16 451 351 308

915 191545.00 371 290 254

1115 279118.59 453 353 309



915 191545.00 371 290 254

1115 279118.59 453 353 309


920 193534.16 373 291 256

1120 281518.41 456 354 310

925 195533.59 375 293 257

1125 283928.41 457 356 312

930 197543.41 378 294 258

1130 286348.59 460 357 313

935 199563.41 379 296 260

1135 288779.16 462 359 314

940 201593.59 382 297 261

1140 291220.00 464 360 316

945 203634.16 384 299 262

1145 293670.84 466 362 317

950 205685.00 386 300 264

1150 296132.41 468 364 318

955 207745.84 388 302 265

1155 298603.75 470 365 320

960 209817.41 390 304 266

1160 301085.59 472 367 321

965 211898.75 392 305 268

1165 303577.84 474 368 323

970 213990.59 394 307 269

1170 306080.00 476 370 324

975 216092.84 396 308 271

1175 308592.84 478 372 325

980 218205.00 398 310 272

1180 311115.59 480 373 327

985 220327.84 400 312 273

1185 313648.75 482 375 328