MIS SEMINAR TOPIC : TELECOMMUNICAT ION

CMS ID: 15741

Syed Muhammad Junaid Hasasn

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Contents of Presentation
The

Internet Revolution A Telecommunication Network Model Types Of Telecommunication Networks Telecommunication media Wireless technologies Network topologies

The Internet Revolution

Internet: A large network containing smaller networks or Network of networks.

The Internet Revolution

The explosive growth of the Internet is a revolutionary phenomenon in computing and telecommunications. The Internet has become the largest and most important network of networks today and has evolved into a global information superhighway. We can think of the Internet as a network made up of millions of smaller private networks, each with the ability to operate independent of, or in harmony with, all the other millions of networks connected to the Internet. When this network of networks began to grow in December 1991, it had about 10 servers. In January 2004, the Internet was estimated to have more than 46 million connected servers with a sustained growth rate in excess of 1 million servers per month. In January 2007, the Internet was estimated to have more than 1 billion users with Web sites in 34 languages from English to Icelandic. The Internet is constantly expanding as more and more businesses and other organizations and their users, computers, and networks join its global Web. Thousands of business, educational, and research networks now connect millions of computer systems and users in more than 200 countries. Internet users projected for 2010 are expected to top the 2 billion user mark, which still only represents approximately one third of the worldwide population.

Popular uses of the Internet

Surf. Point-and-click your way to thousands of hyperlinked Web sites and resources for multimedia information, entertainment, or electronic commerce. e-Mail. Use e-mail and instant messaging to exchange electronic messages with colleagues, friends, and other Internet users. Discuss. Participate in discussion forums of special-interest newsgroups, or hold real time text conversations in Web site chat rooms. Publish. Post your opinion, subject matter, or creative work to a Web site or Weblog for others to read. Buy and Sell. Buy and sell practically anything via e-commerce retailers, wholesalers, service providers, and online auctions. Download. Transfer data files, software, reports, articles, pictures, music, videos, and other types of files to your computer system. Connect. Find out what friends, acquaintances, and business associates are up to. Other Uses. Make long-distance phone calls, hold desktop videoconferences, listen to radio programs, watch television, play video games, explore virtual worlds, etc.

Business Use of the Internet

The Business Value of the Internet

How companies are deriving business value from their ebusiness and e-commerce applications Generate new revenue from online sales. Reduce transaction costs through online sales and customer support. Attract new customers via Web marketing and advertising and online sales. Increase the loyalty of existing customers via improved Web customer service and support. Develop new Web-based markets and distribution channels for existing products. Develop new information-based products accessible on the Web.

A Telecommunication Network Model

Tele means far Communication: A communications network is any arrangement in which a sender transmits a message to a receiver over a channel consisting of some type of medium

components in a telecommunications network

Terminals, such as networked personal computers, network computers, net boxes, or information appliances. Any input/output device that uses telecommunications networks to transmit or receive data is a terminal, including telephones and the various computer terminals. Telecommunications processors, which support data transmission and reception between terminals and computers. These devices, such as modems, switches, and routers, perform a variety of control and support functions in a telecommunications network. For example, they convert data from digital to analog and back, code and decode data, and control the speed, accuracy, and efficiency of the communications flow between computers and terminals in a network.

components in a telecommunications network

Telecommunications channels over which data are transmitted and received. Telecommunications channels may use combinations of media, such as copper wires, coaxial cables, or fiber-optic cables, or use wireless systems like microwave, communications satellite, radio, and cellular systems to interconnect the other components of a telecommunications network. Computers / Servers of all sizes and types are interconnected by telecommunications networks so that they can carry out their information processing assignments. Telecommunications control software consists of programs that control telecommunications activities and manage the functions of telecommunications networks. Examples include network management programs of all kinds, such as telecommunications monitors for mainframe host computers, network operating systems for network servers, and Web browsers for microcomputers.

The five basic components in a telecommunications network

Types Of Telecommunication Networks

Wide area network (WAN)

Telecommunications networks covering a large geographic area are called wide area networks (WANs). Such large networks have become a necessity for carrying out the dayto-day activities of many business and government organizations and their end users. For example, WANs are used by many multinational companies to transmit and receive information among their employees, customers, suppliers, and other organizations across cities, regions, countries, and the world.

A wide area network (WAN)

Local area network (LAN)

Local area networks (LANs) connect computers and other information processing devices within a limited physical area, such as an office, classroom, building, manufacturing plant, or other worksite. LANs have become commonplace in many organizations for providing telecommunications network capabilities that link end users in offices, departments, and other workgroups.

Client/server networks
Client/server networks have become the predominant information architecture of enterprise wide computing. In a client/server network, end-user PC or NC workstations are the clients. They are interconnected by local area networks and share application processing with network servers, which also manage the networks. (This arrangement of clients and servers is sometimes called a two-tier client/server architecture.) Local area networks (LANs) are also interconnected to other LANs and wide area networks (WANs) of client workstations and servers.

Virtual private network (VPN)

Virtual private networks (VPNs) are used to establish secure intranets and extranets. A virtual private network is a secure network that uses the Internet as its main backbone network but relies on network firewalls, encryption, and other security features of its Internet and intranet connections and those of participating organizations.

peer-to-peer (P2P)
The emergence of peer-to-peer (P2P) networking technologies and applications for the Internet is being hailed as a development that will have a major impact on e-business and e-commerce and the Internet itself. Whatever the merits of such claims, it is clear that peer-to-peer networks are a powerful telecommunications networking tool for many business applications.

The two major forms of peer-to-peer networks

Telecommunication media

Twisted pair cable

Copper wire twisted into pairs (twisted-pair wire), is the most widely used medium for telecommunications. These lines are used in established communications networks throughout the world for both voice and data transmission. Twisted-pair wiring is wrapped or shielded in a variety of forms and used extensively in home and office telephone systems and many local area networks and wide area networks. Transmission speeds can range from 2 Mbps to 100 Mbps.

Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable consists of a sturdy copper or aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to insulate and protect it. The cables cover and insulation minimize interference and distortion of the signals the cable carries. Groups of coaxial cables may be bundled together in a big cable for ease of installation. These high-quality lines can be placed underground and laid on the floors of lakes and oceans. They allow highspeed data transmission (from 200500 Mbps) and are used instead of twisted-pair wire lines in high-service metropolitan areas, for cable television systems, and for short-distance connections of computers and peripheral devices. Coaxial cables are also used in many office buildings and other worksites for local area networks.

Fiber Optics
Fiber optics uses cables consisting of one or more hair-thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective jacket. They can conduct pulses of visible light elements ( photons ) generated by lasers at transmission rates as high as trillions of bits per second (Tbps). Fiber- optic cables provide substantial size and weight reductions as well as increased speed and greater carrying capacity. A half-inch-diameter fiber-optic cable can carry more than 500,000 channels, compared with about 5,500 channels for a standard coaxial cable. Fiber-optic cables are not affected by and do not generate electromagnetic radiation; therefore, multiple fibers can be placed in the same cable. Fiber-optic cables have less need for repeaters for signal retransmissions than copper wire media. Fiber optics also has a much lower data error rate than other media and is harder to tap than electrical wire and cable.

Wireless technologies
Wireless telecommunications technologies rely on radio wave, microwave, infrared, and visible light pulses to transport digital communications without wires between communications devices

Terrestrial microwave
Terrestrial microwave involves earthbound microwave systems that transmit high speed radio signals in a line-of-sight path between relay stations spaced approximately 30 miles apart. Microwave antennas are usually placed on top of buildings, towers, hills, and mountain peaks, and they are a familiar sight in many sections of the country. They are still a popular medium for both long-distance and metropolitan area networks.

Communications satellites
Communications satellites also use microwave radio as their telecommunications medium. Satellites are powered by solar panels and can transmit microwave signals at a rate of several hundred million bits per second. They serve as relay stations for communications signals transmitted from earth stations. Earth stations use dish antennas to beam microwave signals to the satellites that amplify and retransmit the signals to other earth stations thousands of miles away.

wireless LAN
The use of wireless LANs is growing rapidly as new high-speed technologies are implemented. Wi-Fi is faster (11 Mbps) and less expensive than standard Ethernet and other common wire-based LAN technologies. Thus, Wi-Fi wireless LANs enable laptop PCs, PDAs, and other devices with Wi-Fi modems to connect easily to the Internet and other networks in a rapidly increasing number of business, public, and home environments.

Bluetooth
A short-range wireless technology called Bluetooth is rapidly being built into computers and other devices. Bluetooth serves as a cable-free wireless connection to peripheral devices such as computer printers and scanners. Operating at approximately 1 Mbps with an effective range from 10 to 100 meters, Bluetooth promises to change significantly the way we use computers and other telecommunication devices.

Network Topologies
Topology: Physical arrangement of Computers in a network.

Network Topologies
There are several basic types of network topologies , or structures. 1. A star network ties end-user computers to a central computer. 2. A ring network ties local computer processors together in a ring on a more equal basis. 3. A bus network is a network in which local processors share the same bus, or communications channel. 4. A variation of the ring network is the mesh network. It uses direct communications lines to connect some or all of the computers in the ring to one another. Wired networks may use a combination of star, ring, and bus approaches. Obviously, the star network is more centralized, whereas ring and bus networks have a more decentralized approach.

The ring, star, and bus network topologies.

References
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS Tenth Edition James A. OBrien George M. Marakas

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