1

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

HIGH-STRENGTH AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

by

JOS B. AGUIAR

University of Minho Guimares, Portugal

HIGH-STRENGTH AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE:

Classification, Properties and Applications

1. CLASSIFICATION OF HSC/HPC

European Standard EN 206-1:2000

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CLASSIFICATION OF HSC/HPC

Compressive strength classes for concrete with normal and high density
Compressive strength class Minimum characteristic strength in cylinders fck,cyl (N/mm2) C8/10 C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60 C55/67 C60/75 C70/85 C80/95 C90/105 C100/115 8 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90 100 Minimum characteristic strength in cubes fck,cube (N/mm2) 10 15 20 25 30 37 45 50 55 60 67 75 85 95 105 115

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CLASSIFICATION OF HSC/HPC

Compressive strength classes for lightweight concrete

Compressive strength class Minimum characteristic strength in cylinders fck,cyl (N/mm2) LC8/9 LC12/13 LC16/18 LC20/22 LC25/28 LC30/33 LC35/38 LC40/44 LC45/50 LC50/55 LC55/60 LC60/66 LC70/77 LC80/88
a)

Minimum characteristic strength in cubesa) fck,cube (N/mm2) 9 13 18 22 28 33 38 44 50 55 60 66 77 88

8 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80

Other values can be used if the relationship between these and the reference

strength in cylinders is established with sufficient precision and is documented.

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CLASSIFICATION OF HSC/HPC

Exposure class without risk of corrosion or attack

Class designation 1 Without risk of corrosion or attack X0 For non reinforced concrete and without exposures embedded metals: all Exposure description Informative examples where the exposures classes can occur

conditions

except

freeze/thaw, abrasion and chemical attack. For reinforced concrete or with embedded conditions. metals: very dry Concrete in the interior of buildings with very low air humidity

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CLASSIFICATION OF HSC/HPC

Exposure classes with corrosion induced by carbonation

Class designation Exposure description Informative examples where the exposures classes can occur 2 Corrosion induced by carbonation When concrete, reinforced or with other embedded metals, is exposed to the air or to the humidity, the exposure conditions should be classified as following: Note: should be taken into account the humidity conditions of the concrete cover of armatures or of other embedded metals, but, in many cases, the conditions of this concrete can be consider similar to the humidity conditions of the surrounding environment. In these cases, can be adequate the classification of the surrounding environment. This could not be the case if a barrier exists between the concrete and its environment. XC1 Dry humid or permanently Concrete into the interior of buildings with low air humidity; Concrete permanently underwater. XC2 Humid, rarely dry Concrete surfaces subjected to long periods of contact with water; Many foundations. XC3 Moderately humid Concrete into the interior of buildings with moderate or high air humidity; Concrete into the exterior protected from rain. XC4 Cyclically dry humid and Concrete surfaces subjected to the contact with water, without the ambit of class XC2.

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CLASSIFICATION OF HSC/HPC

Exposure classes (corrosion induced by chlorides) Class designation Exposure description Informative examples where the exposures classes can occur

3 Corrosion induced by chlorides not coming from sea water Concrete, reinforced or with other embedded metals, in contact with water, not sea water, with chlorides, including deicing salts, should be consider in exposure conditions classified as following: NOTE: Concerning to humidity conditions see also section 2. XD1 Moderately humid Concrete surfaces exposed to chlorides transported by the air. XD2 Humid, rarely dry Swimming pools; Concrete exposed to industrial waters with chlorides. XD3 Cyclically humid and Parts of bridges exposed to water splashes dry with chlorides; Floors; Slabs of car parks.

4 Corrosion induced by chlorides coming from sea water Concrete, reinforced or with other embedded metals, in contact with chlorides coming from sea water or exposed to air transporting maritime salts, should be consider in exposure conditions classified as following: XS1 Air transported by Structures into or near coast area.

maritime salts but not direct contact with sea water XS2 Permanently underwater XS3 Tide, break and Parts of maritime structures Parts of maritime structures

splashes areas.

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CLASSIFICATION OF HSC/HPC

Exposure classes (ice/thaw and chemical attacks) Class designation Exposure description Informative examples where the exposures classes can occur
5 Ice/thaw attack with or without deicing products Concrete humid and exposed to a significant attack by ice/thaw cycles, should be classified as following: XF1 Moderately saturated with water, without deicing products XF2 Moderately saturated with water, with deicing products Vertical concrete surfaces exposed to rain and to ice Vertical concrete surfaces in road structures exposed to ice and to deicing products transported through the air XF3 Highly saturated, without deicing products XF4 Highly saturated, with deicing products Horizontal surfaces of concrete exposed to rain and to ice Roads and bridge boards exposed to deicing products; Concrete surfaces exposed to ice and to water splash with deicing products; Areas of maritime structures exposed to break and to ice 6 Chemical attack Concrete exposed to chemical attack coming from natural soils and ground waters, as indicated in the next Table, should be classified as indicated below. The classification of sea water is dependent from the geographic localization, it should be applied the classification valid in the local of application of concrete. NOTE: It could be necessary a special study to establish the relevant exposure conditions for: - values outside the limit of the next Table; - other chemical aggressive agents; - water and soils chemically polluted; - high water speed together with chemical agents of next Table. XA1 Slightly aggressive, as defined into next Table XA2 Moderately aggressive, as defined into next Table XA3 Highly aggressive, as defined into next Table

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CLASSIFICATION OF HSC/HPC

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Limit values for exposure classes with chemical attack coming from natural soils and waters into these soils The chemical environments, classified below, are based into the soil and the water in this soil, with temperatures of the soil and of the water between 5 and 25 C and with water speeds sufficiently low that can be considered as static conditions. . The class is determined by the high value of each chemical characteristic. When two or more aggressive characteristics give the same class, the environment should be classified into the immediately superior class, except if a special study for the specific case show that i tis not necessary. Chemical Test method of XA1 XA2 XA3 characteristic Waters SO42- mg/l EN 196-2 200 e 600 5,5 e 6,5 15 e 40 > 600 e 3000 4,5 e < 5,5 > 40 e 100 > 3000 e 6000 pH CO2 aggressive mg/l NH+4 mg/l Mg2+ mg/l ISO 7150-1 ou 15 e 30 300 e 1000 > 30 e 60 >1000 e 3000 > 60 e 100 ISO 4316 prEN 13577:1999 4,0 e < 4,5 > 100 till reference

saturation

ISO 7150-2 ISO 7980 >3000 saturation Soils SO42- total mg/kg Acidity ml/kg DIN 4030-2
a)

till

EN 196-2 b)

2000 e > 3000e 12000 >12000 e 3000c) >200 Baumann Gully

c)

24000

Not found in practice

a) The argillaceous soils with permeability below 10-5 m/s may be classified into a lower class. b) The test method consists in the extraction of the SO42- using hydrochloric acid, alternatively, the aqueous extraction can be used, if there is experience in the local of use of the concrete. c) The limit of 3000 mg/kg should be reduced to 2000 mg/kg, for accumulation of sulfate ions in the concrete due to dry/wetting cycles or capillary absorption.

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CLASSIFICATION OF HSC/HPC

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2. PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

Categories of service life

Service life of constructions Category 1 2 3 4 5 Years 10 10 a 25 15 a 30 50 100 Temporary structures Replaceable parts of structures, for ex. supports Structures for agriculture and similar uses Buildings and other common structures (for ex. hospitals and schools) Monumental buildings, bridges and other civil engineering structures. Examples

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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Composition and strength classes limits for concrete under action of carbon dioxide, for a service life of 50 years Type of cement Exposure class Minimum nominal cover (mm) Maximum water/cement ratio Minimum cement content C (kg/m3) Minimum strength class CEM I (reference); CEM II/A(1) XC1 25 XC2 35 XC3 35 XC4 40 CEM II/B (1); CEM III/A (2); CEM IV (2); CEM V/A (2) XC1 XC2 XC3 XC4 25 35 35 40

0,65

0,65

0,60

0,60

0,65

0,65

0,55

0,55

240

240

280

280

260

260

300

300

C25/30 LC25/28

C25/30 LC25/28

C30/37 LC30/33

C30/37 LC30/33

C25/30 LC25/28

C25/30 LC25/28

C30/37 LC30/33

C30/37 LC30/33

(1) Not applicable to cements II/A-T and II/A-W and cements II/B-T and II/B-W, respectively. (2) Not applicable to cements with percentages lesser than 50% of clinker Portland, in mass. Note: The classification of the cements follows standard EN 197-1:2000

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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Composition and strength classes limits for concrete under action of chlorides, for a service life of 50 years Type of cement Exposure class Minimum nominal cover (mm) Maximum water/cement ratio Minimum cement content C (kg/m3) Minimum strength class CEM IV/A (reference); CEM IV/B; CEM III/A; CEM III/B; CEM V; CEM II/B(1); CEM II/A-D XS1/XD1 XS2/XD2 XS3/XD3 45 50 55 CEM I; CEM II/A (1)

XS1/XD1 45

XS2/XD2 50

XS3/XD3 55

0,55

0,55

0,45

0,45

0,45

0,40

320

320

340

360

360

380

C30/37 LC30/33

C30/37 LC30/33

C35/45 LC35/38

C40/50 LC40/44

C40/50 LC40/44

C50/60 LC50/55

(1) Not applicable to cements II-T, II-W, II/B-L, II/B-LL. Note: The classification of the cements follows standard EN 197-1:2000

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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Composition and strength classes limits for concrete under action of ice/thaw, for a service life of 50 years Type of cement Exposure class Maximum water/cement ratio Minimum cement content C (kg/m3) Minimum strength class Minimum air content (%) CEM I (reference); CEM II/A(1) XF1 0,60 XF2 0,55 CEM II/B (1); CEM III/A(2); CEM IV (2); CEM V/A (2) XF1 XF2 0,55 0,50

280 C30/37 LC30/33 -

280 C30/37 LC30/33 4,0

300 C30/37 LC30/33 -

300 C30/37 LC30/33 4,0

(1) Not applicable to cements II/A-T e II/A-W and to cements II/B-T e II/B-W, respectively. (2) Not applicable to cements with percentage of clinker Portland lesser than 50 %, in mass. Note: The classification of the cements follows the standard EN 197-1:2000

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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Composition and strength classes limits for concrete under chemical attack, for a service life of 50 years Type of cement Exposure class Maximum water/cement ratio Minimum cement content C (kg/m3) Minimum strength class CEM IV/A (reference); CEM IV/B; CEM III/A; CEM III/B; CEM V; CEM II/B(1); CEM II/A-D XA1 XA2(2) XA3(2) 0,55 0,55 0,45 CEM I; CEM II/A (1) XA2 (2) 0,45 XA3(2) 0,45

XA1 0,45

320

340

360

340

360

380

C30/37 LC30/33

C35/45 LC35/38

C35/45 LC35/38

C35/45 LC35/38

C40/50 LC40/44

C40/50 LC40/44

(1) Not applicable to cements II-T, II-W, II/B-L e II/B-LL. (2) For attack coming from sulfates, the cements should satisfy the exigencies established for a sulfate resistant cement.. Note: The classification of the cements follows the standard EN 197-1:2000

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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For exposure class X0 the minimum strength class should be C12/15, independently of the structure service life.

All cements or mixture can be used except CEM II/T and CEM II/W.

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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For 100 years of service life, the exigencies should be changed

as followed:
- in reinforced and prestressed concretes exposed to the action of carbon dioxide or chlorides, the nominal cover is increased 10 mm, the other exigencies should be maintained; - in concretes exposed to the action of ice-thaw or chemical

attack, the maximum water/cement ratio is decreased 0,05, the

minimum cement content is increased 20 kg/m3 and the compressive strength class is increased 2 classes.

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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Macrostructure of HPC

Like conventional concrete (CC) high performance concrete (HPC) is a composite material that presents two phases, other

than voids:
- Binder matrix - Aggregates

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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Macrostructure of HPC The quality of paste and aggregates, also of interface, influence the performance of concretes.

CC (fc < 80 MPa):

cracks developed at paste and at interface;

start penetration into

HSC (80 < fc < 100 MPa): cracks aggregates; UHSC (fc > 100 MPa): constituents of concrete.

aggregates

are

the

weaker

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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Macrostructure of HPC

For HSC the properties of aggregates are more important than for CC.

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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Microstructure of HPC paste phase

PASTE = CEMENT + WATER

The strength of the cement paste is function of: type of cement;

cement content; age; hydration degree of cement; type of water water content; water/cement ratio; porosity of paste; porosimetry of paste.
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Microstructure of HPC paste phase Decrease the porosity or the porosimetry of concretes: decrease the water/cement ratio;

fill the pores with fine materials;

increase the hydration degree of cement; use high pressure or other highly effective method of compaction. difficult to implement into the site incorporation of mineral additions incorporation of water reduction admixtures
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Microstructure of HPC aggregates phase

The properties of aggregates are more important

in HSC than in CC.

The more important properties are:

compressive strength (or crashing strength);
modulus of elasticity; size distribution, maximum size and finesse module; surface shape and texture; mineralogical nature;

absorption.
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Microstructure of HPC interface aggregates/paste The fundamental difference between one CC and one HPC is that at the last one the interface aggregates/paste needs to be substantially ameliorated.
ettringite

aggregate

Transition Zone

Cement Paste

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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Microstructure of HPC interface aggregates/paste

Usually interface is the weaker part of microstructure, a fragile and porous area, where the first microcracks appear.

Most of factors that affect paste also affect the adhesion aggregates/paste. One of the most important is the ratio water/binder.
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Microstructure of HPC interface aggregates/paste

University of Minho Guimares, Portugal

PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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Microstructure of HPC interface aggregates/paste

HPC: NEEDS BETTER INTERFACE

Incorporation of plasticizers admixtures that results into a decrease of W/B ratio;

Addition of very fine pozzolanic materials other than Portland

cement,, decrease of quantity of C-H and increase of C-S-H.
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HPC additions ADDITION (EN206-1:2000)

Fine material used into concrete in order to ameliorate some properties or obtain special properties. quasi-inert additions (type I); pozzolanic additions or with latent hydraulic properties (type II).
.

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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HPC additions Type II additions: Inorganic products that usually have not alone aglomerant and hydraulic properties, they have constituents that at ordinaires temperatures can react with calcium hydroxide and with other cement constituents. The result are products with great stability under water and with aglomerant properties.
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HPC additions Products with great reactivity with calcium hydroxide but not water soluble

Fly ash, Silica fume, Blast furnace slag, metakaolin, rice husk ash and natural pozzolans

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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HPC additions

cement + water hydrated calcium silicates + hydrated

calcium aluminates + calcium hydroxide

+ type II additions (reaction with calcium hydroxide) +

hydrated calcium silicates

INCREASE OF STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF THE CONCRETE

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HPC additions

The higher is the quantity of reactive SiO2 , the higher is the pozzolanicity of the additions
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HPC superplasticizer Admixture high water reduction / Superplasticizer (SP) Admixture that: - without affecting workability, alloys high reduction of water content; - without modification of water content considerately increase the workability; - the two effects simultaneously.
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HPC superplasticizer

Reductions till 20 to 30 % of water content, the concretes can

be produced with W/B ratio of about 0,3.

The main actions of a SP are the dispersion and deflocculation of fine particles, namely cement and additions.

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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HPC superplasticizer

When the SP is used, it is easily adsorbed by cement

particles due to compatible electric potential between the two. The air is expulsed, avoiding the capillary cohesion between solid particles.

DEFLOCCULATION

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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HPC superplasticizer
MARSH CONE saturation point compatibility CEM x SP
70 60 50 40 30
kesc (kg/l.s)

CV=0 CV=20% CV=40% CV=60% CV=100%

20 10 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% Solids SP/(CEM+CV) (%)(%) slidos CP/(CEM+CV)

3.0%

4.0%

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PROPERTIES OF HSC/HPC

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HPC superplasticizer
MINI SLUMP
225 200 175 150

(mm) Espalhamento Spread (mm)

125 100 75 50 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% Solids (%) slidos SP/(CEM+CV) CP/(CEM+CV) (%) CV=0 CV=20% CV=40% CV=60% CV=100%

3.0%

4.0%

saturation point compatibility CEM x SP

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HPC superplasticizer
MINI SLUMP

37

MARSH CONE

a) good compatibility
b) incompatibility (saturation point badly defined; big difference between 5 and 60 min) c) Intermediate case (big difference between 5 and 60 min) d) intermediate case (saturation point badly defined)
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2. APPLICATIONS OF HSC/HPC

38

In Portugal, Arrbida bridge (Edgar Cardoso, 1957/63) was made with high strength concrete, for that time. It was also a concrete difficult to produce. The compressive strength required was 40 MPa ( C30/37). The average strengths obtained attained 58 MPa. Nowadays this type of concrete is not difficult to obtain and it is usual into bridges.
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HPC Applications

39

La Grand Arche in Paris (Johann Otto von Spreckelsen, 1985/89) high workability (Slump = 220 mm); high pumping distances (height of 130 m, with a distance of 370 m from pump till formwork; high initial strength (7 days: 54 MPa; 28 days: 66 MPa); C = 425 kg/m3; SF = 30 kg/m3. University of Minho Guimares, Portugal Applications of HSC/HPC

HPC Applications

40

Taipei Financial Centre Taiwan (2003) (508 m; 101 floors)

Mist structure steel/concrete

high workability; high strength (70 MPa); silica fume; blast furnace slag University of Minho Guimares, Portugal Applications of HSC/HPC

HPC Applications

41

Taipei Financial Centre, Taiwan (2003) (508 m; 101 floors) University of Minho Guimares, Portugal Applications of HSC/HPC

HPC Applications

42

Bridge le de R, France, 1986-88 1st great construction in prefabricated HPC

High workability (Slump = 150 mm); high initial strength (10 h: fm = 15 MPa; 28 days: fm = 68
MPa - required fk = 40 MPa; obtained fk = 59.5 MPa); C = 400 kg/m3; SF = 55.3 kg/m3. University of Minho Guimares, Portugal Applications of HSC/HPC

HPC Applications

43

Bridge of Normandie, France, 1993 (total length= 2141 m; central span = 856 m)

High workability (Flow = 450/560 mm); high strength (28 days: required fk = 60 MPa, obtained fm
= 79 MPa); C (with 8% of SF) = 425 kg/m3; W/B = 0.36 University of Minho Guimares, Portugal Applications of HSC/HPC

HPC Applications

44

Bridge of Castro Marim, Portugal - 1991 central span = 320 m High strength (fck = 60 MPa)

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Applications of HSC/HPC

HPC Applications

45

Bridge of So Joo, Porto, Portugal, 1991 Concretes with compressive strength of 50 MPa to 55 MPa.

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Applications of HSC/HPC

HPC Applications

46

Bridge Vasco da Gama, Lisbon, 1995/98 1st application in Portugal of HPC with high durability exigencies High durability (service life of 120 years); high workability (Slump = 200/230 mm); high strength (28 days: fk = 55/72 MPa); C = 360 kg/m3; FA = 20%; W/B = 0.34/0.31

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Applications of HSC/HPC