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1) INTRODUCTION
ECE 452 Power Electronics
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In early days, control of the electric power was achieved with electric machinery. Power electronics have revolutionized the concept of power control for power conversion and for control of electrical motor drives. Power electronics combine power, electronics, and control.
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Control deals with the steady-state and dynamic characteristics of closed-loop system. Power deals with static and rotating power equipment.
Electronics deals with the solid-state devices and circuits for signal processing to meet the desired control objectives.
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Therefore, power electronics is defined as the applications of solid-state electronics for control and conversion of electric power. Power electronics is based on switching of the power semiconductor devices. It covers a variety of switching circuits.
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The history of power electronics began with introduction of the mercury arc rectifiers in 1900.
Devices which were based on the mercury arc valve technology were used until 1950.
The first electronic revolution began in 1948 with the invention of the silicon transistor at Bell Labs.
Most of today's advanced electronic technologies are based on the transistor concept. The next breakthrough was invention of Thyristor (SCR) in 1956, which is a PNPN triggering transistor.
The second revolution began in 1958 with development of the commercial thyristor by GE.
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Since the first thyristor was developed in 1957, there have been tremendous advances in the power semiconductor devices.
Until 1970, the conventional thyristors had been exclusively used for power control applications.
Since 1970 many types of power semiconductor devices were developed.
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Control Characteristics
The power semiconductor devices can be operated as switches by applying a control signals to gate.
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MOSFET, GTO)
Bidirectional current capability (TRIAC) Unidirectional current capability (SCR, GTO, BJT, MOSFET, DIODE)
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Ideal Switches
In the on-state: carry high forward current, low forward voltage drop, and low resistance
In the off-state: withstand a high voltage, low leakage current, and high resistance
During turn-on and turn-off process instantaneously turn on and off
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Low gate power for turn on and off Controllable turn on and off Turn on and off require a small pulse
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Sustain any fault current (i2t) Equal current sharing for parallel operation Low price
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For control of electric power or power conditioning, the conversion of electric power from one form to another is necessary.
Diode rectifiers
Ac-dc converters (controlled rectifier) Ac-ac converters (ac voltage controllers) Dc-dc converters (dc choppers) Dc-ac converters (inverters)
Static switches
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In the chapters that follow, we will describe various types of power electronic circuits. In analysis, the power devices are assumed to be ideal switches.
The effect of circuit resistance and source inductance is ignored. Ignoring these parameters will simplify the design steps, but it is very useful to understand operation of the circuit and establish the control strategy.
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The RMS value of current should be known for determination of conduction losses and current rating of the device.
T 0
i 2 dt
Also:
2 2 2 2 I rms I dc I rms I ... I (1) rms ( 2 ) rms ( n )
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Peripheral Effects
Operations of power converters are mainly based on the switching of power semiconductor devices.
As a result, converters introduce current and voltage harmonics into the supply system and on the output of the converters.
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These can cause problems of distortion of the output voltage, harmonic generation into the supply system, and interference with the communication and signaling circuits.
Therefore, it is normally necessary to introduce filters on the input and output of a converter system to reduce the harmonic level.
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The following figure shows the block diagram of a generalized power converter.
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