AP Phys B

Test Review
Kinematics and Newton’s
Laws
4/28/2008
Overview
 Units and Dimensions
 Scalars and Vectors
– 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D
 Particle Kinematics
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
– Gravity
– Friction
Units and Dimensions
 Metric System
 Conversions
 Dimensional
Analysis
 Order of
Magnitude
Estimations
Scalars and Vectors
 Scalars: Magnitude
only.
 Vectors: Magnitude v
and direction.
vy
– Vectors components
 Cartesian coordinates θ
 Trigonometry
vx
– Find the magnitude
of a vector
Scalars and Vectors
 Vector Addition and Subtraction
– Graphical Representation “Head to
tail”
– Mathematical operation
 Vector multiplication
– Dot Product
– Cross Product
Particle Kinematics
 Distance and Displacement
– Distance: length
– Displacement: length and direction
 Speed and Velocity
– Speed: distance/time
– Velocity: displacement/time
 Acceleration
– Change in speed (velocity)/time
Particle Kinematics
 Graphs
– Distance vs.
time graphs;
slope
– Velocity vs. time
graphs; slope,
area
 Instantaneous
vs. average
values
Particle Kinematics
 Problem Solving Strategies
– Identify known quantities
– Key words: at rest, constant speed
 Free fall problems
– Acceleration due to gravity: 9.8 m/s2
 Use common sense!
Particle Kinematics
 Equations of
Motion x y
v f = vi + at Vf
Vi
1 2
d = vi t + at a

2 t
d

v = v + 2ad
2
f
2
i
Newton’s Laws
 1st law (Law of Inertia): An object
at rest stays at rest, and object in
motion stays in motion in a
straight line at a constant speed
until acted on by an outside force.
– Inertia: Resistance of an object to
change
– Meaning: Things don’t speed up or
slow down without a reason.
Newton’s Laws
 2nd Law: The acceleration of an object is
proportional to the force on that object
and is inversely proportional to the mass
of the object.
– Meaning: The heavier something is, the
more force it takes to achieve a certain
acceleration.

 ∑F
a=
m
Newton’s Laws
 3rd law: For every action, there is
an equal and opposite reaction
– All forces occur in pairs.
– These forces cannot occur on the
same object.
Newton’s Laws
 Balanced vs. Unbalanced forces;
Equilibrium
 Free-Body Diagrams
– Determining acceleration
– Normal Force
– Tension (pulleys)
– Friction (static and kinetic)
– Inclined Plane Problems
Newton’s Laws
 Circular Force 2
– Radial vs. tangential v
acceleration ac =
– Centripetal force: an
unbalanced force
r
 Newton’s Law of
Universal
Gravitation GM 1M 2
– Gives the Fg = 2
gravitational force r
between two objects.