RESPIRATION

• Muscles contractions
Living things need • Active transport
energy for survival • Transmission of nerve
impulses
Energy is needed continuously

External
Two types
RESPIRATIO
Internal
N

Main substrate : glucose

Two types of cellular Energy from glucose is
respiration released through cellular
respiration
Aerobic Anaerobic
 RESPIRATIO
N
External respiration Internal respiration
• Mechanical process • Also known as cellular
• Maintains a continuous respiration
exchange of gases • Biochemical process
between the respiratory
surfaces of an organism • Energy is made
and its environment available to all living
cells

Process of obtaining oxygen and delivering it to the

cells for cellular respiration and removing
carbon dioxide produced by the cells
 RESPIRATION

Internal External

Cellular respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic
 Aerobic Respiration

• Require continuous supply of oxygen

• Oxygen obtained from air
• C6 H12 O2 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2 O
• Complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen
• Releases all available energy stored in glucose
• Driven by sequence of biochemical reaction
(catalyzed by respiratory enzymes)
• Most energy released is used to synthesize ATP from ADP
and inorganic products
• ATP : - instant source of energy
- drives cellular processes
- consists of phosphate bonds
(can be easily broken to release energy)
• Normal condition :
- external respiration able to supply enough oxygen

• Prolonged physical activity / strenuous exercise :

- need more oxygen
- ATP is used more quickly than the lungs and
circulatory system can deliver oxygen to cells
(for cellular respiration)
- Cells are forced to do work without enough
oxygen supply

• In this situation cells undergo anaerobic respiration

• Anaerobic respiration :
- Cells continue to generate ATP without oxygen
 Anaerobic Respiration in Human

• Vigorous activities :
- Rate of respiration & heartbeat high but
- Still cannot supply enough oxygen to meet the
demand for ATP
• Muscles are in the state of oxygen deficiency

• Cells undergo anaerobic respiration

• Glucose breaks down partially into lactic acid instead

of carbon dioxide

• Incomplete breakdown of glucose release much less energy

than in aerobic:
- Aerobic : 1 glucose 38 molecules of ATP (2898kJ)
- Anaerobic : 1 glucose 2 molecules of ATP (150kJ)
• Body needs to rest to recover

• High concentration of lactic acid can cause fatigue and

muscle cramps

• Fast and deep breathing enables a person to inhale

more oxygen

• Excess oxygen helps to oxidized lactic acid to carbon

dioxide and water (then excreted)

• Oxygen debt = amount of oxygen needed to remove

lactic acid from muscle cells
• Oxidation of lactic acid occurs mainly in liver

• Some lactic acid are oxidized to produce energy

• The remaining is converted to glucose then glycogen

• Glycogen is then stored in muscle cells

• Oxygen deficit (debt) is paid when all the lactic acid has
been eliminated through increased breathing
 Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast

• Yeast capable of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

• It depends on the availability of oxygen

• Normally respire aerobically

• However without enough oxygen supply, yeast undergo

anaerobic respiration

• Contrast with human, in yeast ethanol is produced

instead of lactic acid

• This process is called fermentation

(used in making wine and beer)
 zymase
• C6 H12 O2 6C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 210 kJ

• Making bread : carbon dioxide released causes

dough to rise