S.S.A.

RAJAPAKSA

It is the push or pressure behind current flow through a circuit, and is measured in (V) volts.

Voltage

Voltage: Causes current to flow through an electrical circuit Volt: Unit of measure to measure this potential A Voltage Source (battery or generator) is required to maintain the electrical potential in a circuit.

COULOMB: IS A QUANTITY OF MEASUREMENT FOR ELECTRONS=6,250,000,000,000,000,000

AMP:ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT OF FLOW OF ELECTRONS=1 COULOMB PER SECOND

Current refers to the quantity/volume of electrical flow. Measured in Amps (A)

=amperes

Electrical Current

Water flowing thru a pipe depends on more than the angle of the pipe. It also depends on the length of the pipe, diameter of the pipe and if the pipe is clogged or open. Electrical current is measured in amperes Amount of electrical current (amps) depends on more than just voltage, it depends on the resistance found in the circuit.

Resistance to the flow of the current. Measured in Ohms

RESISTANCE IN A CIRCUIT USES UP THE VOLTAGE

Electrical Resistance

Resistance: The opposition to the flow of electricity Measured in Ohms symbol is the Greek letter Omega Electricity will always take the path of least resistance The greater the resistance, the less current there is for a given voltage. a. Longer wires have greater resistance than short wires b. Thin wires have more resistance than thick wire c. High conductors have less resistance than insulators

Ohm,s law

V (E) = I x R I=V R

R=V I

Battery voltage is 12V Current is Amp ? Resistance 2 Ohm

UNIT OF POWER IN A CIRCUIT OHMS LAW SYMBOL IS P LIGHT BULBS; WATER HEATERS; HOUSE ELECTRIC METERS POWER=CURRENT X VOLTAGE = X = X

Electric Power

Measured in watts (W)

Is the rate that electrical energy is

transformed into some other form of energy such as light May be referred to as wattage

Volts and amperes by themselves do not give a measure of the amount of power produced

Important Relationships: Watts = Volts X Amperes Volts = Watts/Amperes Amperes = Watts/Volts

Watt-hour = use of 1 watt for 1 hour Kilowatt-hour = use of 1,000 watts for 1 hour

This is the unit that electrical energy is measured and purchased in.

Formulas:
Watt-hours = Watts x hours of operation Kilowatt-hours = Watt-hours/1,000 Cost = kWh x local rate per kWh

Paying for energy: We are charged by the Ceylon electricity board for the power we use. It is calculated and billed to us by the kilowatt hour.
The formula used is Energy = Power x Time = (Volts x Current) x time The formula used is Kilowatt hours = Kilowatts x Hours

A water boiler draws 6.5 amperes in a 230 v AC circuit for 3 hours. Calculate the total Kwh used. 1)Determine power P = V I= 230x6.5 =1495 watts
2)Convert Watts into Kilowatts - 1495/1000watts =1.495 Kw (1 Kw =1000 Watts ) say 1.5 Kilowatts to the nearest 3)Determine Kwh consumed - 1.5 x no of hours = 1.5x3 = 4.5 Kwh

Kilowatt (KW) = 1,000 watts

Used in computing electrical energy consumed

Determined by dividing the # of watts by

1,000

Horsepower (hp): the unit of mechanical power equal to 746 watts of electrical power (assuming 74.6% electric motor efficiency)

p ppppoww

Power factor =

Kilo watts (Kw)

Kilo volt ampere (Kva)

Kva Kilo Vars (Kvars )

P.F =Kw/Kva

=mm==

Records the maximum demand/ month of which resettled by CEB every month

Pushes the free pointer to the available maximum demand /15 minute period

Digital version

Current transformers for the current input to fixed type meters low Voltage inputs Current clamps for the current inputs to the portable analyzers

Discourage the consumer to use electricity on peak hours Peak tariff -6.30 pm to 10.30 pm high unit charge ( Rs 13.60/ Kwh ) Off peak tariff - 10.30 pm to 5.30 am low unit charge (Rs 7.35/ Kwh ) Day tariff - 5.30 am to 6.30 - medium unit charge (Rs 10.45/ Kwh ) Meter will record the units consumed as three different readings (peak/off peak/day )

average Maximum demand of the system measured in Kva /15 minute period Very high cost with comparison to unit cost eg; unit cost RS; 25.00 /kwh Kva cost Rs ; 1100/ kva measuring period 15 minutes Electricity authority reset the maximum demand after recording the meter reading every month

Kwh meter current + voltage Kw meter - current + voltage Ammeter - current Voltmeter- voltage Frequency meter - voltage Kva (maximum demand )meter current + voltage Time of use type kwh meter - current + voltage Power factor meter - current + voltage Energy analyzer - current + voltage Harmonic analyzer - current+voltage

Combined current/voltage transformer

Voltage transformer eg; 33000/110 volts
Current transformer eg; 200/5

5 amps

ENERGY MEASURED AT HIGH VOLTAGE SIDE OF THE POWER SUPPLY

110 volts AC

Thank You ( )