LOCOMOTION in protozoans

Cilia Flagella Pseudopodia

Euglena Paramecium

Amoeba

cces2013

LOCOMOTION in invertebrates
Peristaltic locomotion (for elongated soft-bodied invertebrates - earthworms) Tube feet (starfishes & sea urchins)

Pedal locomotion (or with ciliary movement) in large flatworms, solely in snails & chitons

Creeping (leeches)

cces2013

Swimming (coelenterates, some mollusks, ctenophores)

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
TYPES OF VERTEBRATE MUSCLES: 1. Skeletal/Striated/ Voluntary Muscle (electrical stimuli) 2. Smooth/Visceral/ Involuntary Muscle (chemical stimuli) 3. Cardiac/Involuntary/ Striated Muscle (both electrical & chemical stimuli)
cces2013 4

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
PARTS OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE: 1. Origin end of muscle attached to stationary bone 2. Insertion end of muscle attached to the bone that moves 3. Belly the enlarged portion between origin and insertion
cces2013 5

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION: Phases of a simple muscular twitch:
a. Latent period b. Contraction period c. Relaxation period

cces2013

SUMMATION - increased, continuous APs allowing for successive muscle contraction TETANUS - single sustained contraction due to extreme rapidity of successive stimulation

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

cces2013

MOLECULAR BASIS OF CONTRACTION:

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscle at rest contains the following: ATP Creatine phosphate Glycogen Glycogen ---> glucose
cces2013 8

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
CELLULAR RESPIRATION OF GLUCOSE: 1. Aerobic respiration 2. Anaerobic respiration - in muscles, can produce LACTIC ACID which when accumulated can result to MUSCLE FATIGUE

cces2013

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscle fatigue - reduced capacity or inability of the muscle to continue contraction even after successive stimulation OXYGEN DEBT: cumulative oxygen deficit resulting from intense muscular activity

cces2013

10

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Motor unit - consists of a somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

cces2013

11

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE:

cces2013

12

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE:

cces2013

13

Myofilaments: 1. Thick filament MYOSIN 2. Thin filament ACTIN, troponin & tropomyosin

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Thin filament
cces2013 14

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Thick and thin filaments

cces2013 15

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

cces2013

16

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM

see animation of sliding filament mechanism

cces2013

17

MODE OF ACTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLES: 1. Flexor 2. Extensor 3. abductor 4. Adductor 5. Depressor 6. Levator 7. Rotator a. Pronator b. Supinator SMOOTH MUSCLES: constrictors and dilators
cces2013 18

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

cces2013

19

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

cces2013

20

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Levators

cces2013

21

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Depressors
cces2013 22

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

cces2013

23

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Functions of the Muscular System:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Movement Protection of delicate organs Production of heat Stability and posture Circulation Aids digestion

cces2013

24

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscle spasm / cramp ( involuntary contraction of a muscle; occur suddenly, usually resolve quickly, and are often painful) Muscle strain (when a muscle or a tendon gets stretched or torn)

COMMON PROBLEMS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

cces2013

Contusion / bruise (an injury to the soft tissues of the muscles that is produced by a blunt force)

25

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

COMMON PROBLEMS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

cces2013 26

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

cces2013

27

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY - a genetic disorder that is caused by a defective gene for one of the proteins found in muscle, which is called dystrophin.
cces2013 28

QUIZ next meeting

cces2013

29