MFA10103

Aftab Hameed Memon

PRESENTATION OUTLINE
ISSUES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

GREEN BUILDINGS TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE AND

GREEN CONSTRUCTION
CONCLUDING REMARKS

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TODAY

ECONOMY SOCIAL Fragmentation Uniqueness Complexity Resource Driven Schedule Driven

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TODAY

Timely Completion Within Cost Required Quality

Time Overrun Cost Overrun Construction Waste Excessive Resource Consumption Environmental Threat

CONSTRUCTION TIME OVERRUN

Worldwide problem : seldom projects completed on time. In Nigeria : 50% projects experienced time overrun with an average

percentage escalation period up to 188%. In Bosnia and Herzegovina : 51.40% project experienced time overrun In Jordan : 82% of projects are delayed In Saudi Arabia and Ghana : 70% of projects were delayed In Malaysia : 18.2% of the public sector projects and 29.45% of private sector projects only are completed on time. Time Delay can be resulted of one or more reasons including problems of financing and payment for completed works poor contract, changes in site, shortage of materials, design changes, weather condition and others.

CONSTRUCTION COST OVERRUN

Cost is a major problem both in developed and developing countries.

The trend is more severe in developing countries where these overruns sometimes exceeds 100% of the anticipated cost of the project. United Kingdom (UK) : nearly 1/3 of the clients complaints that their projects generally experienced budget overrun. In Nigeria : A minimum average percentage escalation cost of projects was 14%. In Slovenia : 51 % projects faced price overrun In Croatia : 81% projects faced cost overrun In Bosnia and Herzegovina : 41.23% of the projects faced cost overrun. In Uganda : (Northern-by-pass project in Kampala) the cost overrun was more than 100% of the contract price.

CONSTRUCTION COST OVERRUN

Worldwide research in transportation projects : 9 out of 10 projects face

cost overrun. The common overruns are between 50 to 100%. In Malaysia : only 46.8% and 37.2% of public and private sectors projects completed within the budget respectively. The factors that had been identified contribute to cost overrun : lack of contractors experience, Poor site management and supervision, Inaccurate Time and Cost estimates, Schedule Delay, Frequent design changes, Fluctuation of prices of materials, Cash flow and financial difficulties faced by contractors.

CONSTRUCTION WASTE
Waste is one of the serious problems in construction projects. Waste has direct impact on the productivity, material loss and

completion time of project resulting in loss of a significant amount of revenue. Waste contributes to around 30-35% of a projects production cost. The amount of construction materials wasted on the site is relatively high and equals 9% by weight of the purchased materials. Construction waste can be generated because of one or more reasons including Frequent design changes, Poor quality of materials, Workers' mistakes during construction, Poor planning, Poor site management, Ordering errors, Materials not in compliance with specification, Effect of weather and others.

CONSTRUCTION WASTE
In Malaysia, the demand of houses and major infrastructure projects

make the amount of construction waste getting increased. Major implication of increased construction waste generation has caused illegal dumping and has swelled rapidly in Malaysia. A study done in Johor district alone indicated that 42% of 46 illegal dumping sites are of construction waste. Recent news had highlighted that almost 30 tons of construction wastes was dumped illegally in tropical mangrove swamp near Bandar Hilir, Malacca and construction debris problem near roadside at Section 17, Petaling Jaya, Selangor. These illegal dumping has causing risk to human health and environment. The issues of illegal dumping arises due to the cost and location of the project.

CONSTRUCTION WASTE

Construction waste illegally dumped in mangrove swamp (Source: The Star Newspaper, 2011)

Figure 2: Construction debris along roadside (Source: The Star Newspaper, 2012)

CONSTRUCTION WASTE
A study conducted on 30 construction sites in Malaysia identified

six types of waste materials which includes concrete (12.32%), metals (9.62%), bricks (6.54%), plastics (0.43%), woods (69.10%) and others waste (2%) Hence, it is timely for Malaysia to adopt a systematic and efficient waste minimization strategy which that requires to control the generation of waste at different level. Advanced tool likes lean construction techniques can help in reducing waste at source and can minimised the waste produced during the operation by reusing and re-cycling.

Adopting waste minimization strategy like recycling and reusing material can save 2.5% of the total budget.

CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATGY

EXCESSIVE RESOURCES CONSUMPTION

Built environment has significant impact on resources : consuming

1/6 of the worlds freshwater withdrawals, 1/4 of wood harvest and 2/5 of materials. About 40% of the energy used is linked to the construction and maintenance of buildings. Excessive resource and energy use : Resulted in growing demand for raw materials, are largely responsible for the depletion of natural resources worldwide, acceleration of global warming and detrimental wastage affecting our ecological integrity.

ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT
Environmental Threat due to built environment : It consumes large

amounts of natural resources and produces a great deal of pollutants. Ethics of construction players: Not serious about environmental protection in construction sites, assume that a construction site is only a temporary setup, ignorance source of pollutants generation CO2 emission : Contributing to the global warming and extreme weather. Other Impacts : The harvest of timber leads to the lost of natural forests, widespread use of toxic chemicals in materials.

SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
In November 1994, the First International Conference on Sustainable

Construction held in Tampa, Florida, USA, the conference convener Kibert proposed that sustainable construction means, Creating a healthy built environment using resource-efficient, ecologicallybased principles. Sustainable construction involves a commitment to:
Economic sustainability increasing profitability by making more efficient

use of resources, including labour, materials, water and energy. Environmental sustainability preventing harmful and potential irreversible effects on the environment by careful use of natural resources, minimizing waste, protecting and where possible enhancing the environment. Social sustainability responding to the needs of people at whatever stage of involvement in the construction process (from commissioning to demolition), providing high customer satisfaction and working closely with clients, suppliers, employees and local communities

OBJECTIVES OF SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

Environmental dimension:
Increase material efficiency by reducing the material demand of non-renewable

goods Reduce the material intensity via substitution technologies Enhance material recyclability Reduce and control the use and dispersion of toxic materials Reduce the energy required for transforming goods and supplying services Support the instruments of international conventions and agreements Maximize the sustainable use of biological and renewable resources Consider the impact of planned projects on air, soil, water, flora, and fauna.

OBJECTIVES OF SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

Economic dimension:
Consider life-cycle costs Internalize external costs

Consider alternative financing mechanisms

Develop appropriate economic instruments to promote sustainable

consumption Consider the economic impact on local structures.. Social dimension: Enhance a participatory approach by involving stakeholders Promote public participation Promote the development of appropriate institutional frameworks Consider the influence on the existing social framework Assess the impact on health and the quality of life.

CHALLENGES IN SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

Shifting to sustainability : A new paradigm where sustainable objectives are

within the building design and construction industry. Key Action : The objectives should be considered in decision making at all stages of the life cycle of the facility. Figure below shows the evolution and challenges of the sustainable construction concept in a global context.

GREEN BUILDINGS
Green building practices are: environmentally responsible and resource-efficient
to promote building practices that conserve energy and water

resources, preserve open spaces. to minimise the emission of toxic substances to harmonise with the local climate, traditions, culture and the surrounding environment to sustain and improve the quality of human life maintaining the capacity of the ecosystem at local and global levels.

BENEFITS OF GREEN BUILDING

Benefits to the targeted groups

S (society) EU (end user)

Long-term economic returns

Lower electric and water utility costs

EU

Higher Benefits Initial Cost

S S

EU

Enhanced health and productivity

Environmentally effective use of materials

Reduced environmental impact

GREEN BUILDING STANDARDS

BREEAM (UK/Global) BRE Environment Assessment Method LEED (USA/ Global) Leadership in Energy & Environment design Green Star (Australia) Green Star NZ ( New Zealand) GBTool (Canada) HQE (France) High Environmental Quality HK-BEAM (Hong Kong) HK Building Environmental Assessment Method SBAT (South Africa) Sustainable Buidling Assessment Tool CASBEE (Japan) Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Energy Efficiency GBI (Malaysia) Green Building Assessment and indexing System

GREEN BUILDING INDEX

The Green Building Index, developed by Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia

(PAM) and the Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia (ACEM) is a rating system that provides guidelines for developers for designing and constructing green buildings. GBI (Green Building Index) comprises of 6 key criteria as:
Energy Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality, Sustainable Site Planning and Management, Material and Resources, Water Efficiency, and

Innovation

GBI CRITERIA
Energy Efficiency (EE) Improve energy consumption by optimizing building orientation, minimizing solar heat gain through the building envelope, harvesting natural lighting, adopting the best practices in building services including use of renewable energy, and ensuring proper testing, commissioning and regular maintenance. Indoor Environment Quality (EQ) Achieve good quality performance in indoor air quality, acoustics, visual and thermal comfort. These will involve the use of low volatile organic compound materials, application of quality air filtration, proper control of air temperature, movement and humidity.

GBI CRITERIA
Sustainable Site Planning & Management (SM) Selecting appropriate sites with planned access to public transportation, community services, open spaces and landscaping. Avoiding and conserving environmentally sensitive areas through the redevelopment of existing sites and brown fields. Implementing proper construction management, storm water management and reducing the strain on existing infrastructure capacity Materials & Resources (MR) Promote the use of environment-friendly materials sourced from sustainable sources and recycling. Implement proper construction waste management with storage, collection and reuse of recyclables and construction formwork and waste. Water Efficiency (WE) Rainwater harvesting, water recycling and water-saving fittings. Innovation (IN) Innovative design and initiatives that meet the objectives of the GBI

GBI RATING SYSTEM

GBI rating for Non-residential (commercial, institutional, and industrial in

nature. Factories, hospitals, offices, hotels, etc) More emphasis on energy efficiency GBI rating for Residential residential buildings (Linked houses, apartment, bungalows, condominium, etc, More emphasis on sustainable site planning & management)

GBI CLASSIFICATION

Hong Kong Science Park Solar Glass

Sunshades are extensively incorporated into the external facades to shield direct sunlight penetration, reducing heat gain to the office so as to reduce electricity consumption for air conditioning

Heres an example of day lighting at the Hong Kong Science Park. Notice that the light is filtered through translucent skylights and clerestories in a central atrium, thus reducing glare and overheating. The top of the building has shades, see them after the jump:

Hong Kong Science Park Solar Glass

The installation of BIPV panels can pursue new clean energy technologies, reduce consumption of natural resources and cut emissions to the atmosphere. It can save approximately 250MWh of electricity consumption annually.

BIPV panels have been fitted to the facade, the louvers and the roof canopy of the Buildings in Phase 1. The BIPV is connected to the electricity grid and have an approximately 200 kilo-Watt output.

German Parliament 100% Renewable Power

Its roof makes passive use of solar power and natural light and its thick, well-insulated 19th-century walls help retain warmth in winter and reduce the need for air conditioning in summer. At the moment biofuel generators in the basement produce 40% of the buildings energy, for lighting, heating, the flow of air conditioning and water, while the rest comes mainly from coal and nuclear supplies.

The German Reichstag is expected to become the greenest parliament building in the world, thanks to a decision to rely solely on renewable energy. From late summer the building is due to swap to green power sources such as water, wind and solar energy, replacing the conventional power that it has largely relied upon until now. Its extensive refurbishment in the late 1990s, including the glass cupola designed by the British architect Sir Norman Foster, had already won it plaudits. Ecologists praised the buildings energy efficiency, which has led to a 94% cut in its carbon emissions.

PUNGGOL ECO-TOWN, SINGAPORE

At Punggol Eco-Town, the elements of

nature will be harnessed in line with the concept of green living by the waters Integrated public transport system Charging stations for electric cars Cycling lanes 3.2 megawatt solar farm pumping straight into the grid and eliminate the use of batteries. [see the Star 5 Oct 2010 p. T3]

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ZEO Building, Bangi Another example

Zero Energy Office (ZEO) houses the

Malaysia Energy Centre . It was built with a targeted building energy index [BEI] of as low as 50 kWh/m2 per year; and with the use of renewable energy to bring the building to a zero energy status. ZEO is the only such building in Malaysia that integrates energy efficiency and renewable energy in one working demonstrator building.

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Green Towers In Malaysia Modeled After Fleet of Ships

The architects goal was to design buildings that tell of its place of origin which is culturally modern, Islamic and tropical in nature. Added to this is Nicolettis extensive experience in design and construction for extreme climates.
The Italian firm brought sustainable strategies like terraces, sunshades, natural ventilation and integrated green space into the design. The buildings will source from alternative energy and are expected to produce 50% less CO2 emissions than similar residential projects. )

Sustainable Tower in Malaysia

These unusual, onion-shaped towers are designed for Precinct 4, or the Putrajaya waterfront in Malaysia (30 kilometers south of Kuala Kumpur). Designed by Studio Nicoletti Associati, was inspired by ship sails and traditional Islamic architecture. (http://www.metaefficient.com/architecture-and-building/1282.html

Green Towers In Malaysia Modeled After Fleet of Ships

A stunning new residential development is planned for the Putrajaya waterfront known as Precinct 4, The design, however, is a refreshing and original with unique, marine-inspired structures - which also draw from traditional Islamic designs - arranged in a permeable, radiating block of bioclimatic architecture.

THE DIAMOND BUILDING [THE HEADQUARTERS OF ENERGY COMMISSION OF MALAYSIA [ BEI of 61KwH/m2] AND THE PRIME MINISTERS DEPARTMENT [RETROFIT TO GREEN STANDARDS], PUTRAJAYA

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LEO BUILDING, PUTERA JAYA - AN EXAMPLE OF MALAYSIAS GREEN BUILDING

Back in 2004, Malaysia set out to demonstrate that it is feasible to achieve a

building energy index [BEI] of 100kWh/m2 per year and energy savings of more than 50% compared to buildings without energy efficient design. The Low Energy Office (LEO), which is headquarter to the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water was then built with an additional 10% of the total building costs and an expected payback period of 8 years.

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idea of sustainable development Innovative Tower To Feature Atrium Of Wind Turbines

Clean Technology Tower Architect Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture Adrian Smith, Design Partner Gordon Gill, Design Partner Robert Forest, Management Partner Project Team Brad Wilkins, Brendan Gibbons, David Ellis, Ian Mills, Jorge Soler, Les Ventsch

Innovative Tower To Feature Atrium Of Wind Turbines

Building on principles of biomimicry, Clean Technology Tower utilizes advanced technologies and climate-appropriate building systems to foster a symbiotic relationship with its local environment. The tower is sited and formed to harness the power of natural forces at its site- but it refines the conventional methods of capturing those natural forces to significantly increase efficiency. Wind turbines are located at the buildings corners to capture wind at its highest velocity as it accelerates around the tower. The turbines become increasingly dense as the tower ascends and wind speeds increase. At the apex, where wind speeds are at a maximum, a domed double roof cavity captures air, allowing for a large wind farm and the use of negative pressures to ventilate the interior spaces. The dome itself is shaded by photovoltaic cells that capture the southern sun. These systems provide both comfort and energy to the space.

The Devonshire Building Sustainable Solar Shading

The Devonshire Building - Sustainable solar shading for science structure. The Devonshire Building is a landmark six-storey edifice in the heart of University of Newcastles campus and is due to become operational in April 2004. It is home to the Institute for Research and Sustainability and the Regional EScience Centre and is therefore a pioneering construction embracing recycled materials, renewable energy and solar power, reflecting the Universitys commitment to the environment.

The Devonshire Building was designed by the Dewjoc architecture firm. It is home to the Institute for Research and Sustainability at the University of Newcastle.

The Devonshire Building Sustainable Solar Shading

The buildings large roof area also allowed the construction of a rainwater harvest system. The rain is collected via a symphonic rainwater system and then fed into a 20,000 liter underground tank. If the rainwater tank overfills, it overflows to a 40,000 liter geothermal tank to replenish the water for a heat sink that acts as a cooling source for the building and services systems.

The Devonshire Building Sustainable Solar Shading

A fluid aesthetic faade solution Steve Halsall, project architect with The Dewjoc Partnership comments: The prime objective to the building design was the integration of the solar shading with the faade design. Levolux took up the challenge by taking on a proactive role in the design development of the solar shading system, which has resulted in a fluid aesthetic faade solution.

The Masdar Headquarters Building

Construction of Masdar City commenced with a formal ground-breaking ceremony on February 9, 2008. The City will be constructed over seven phases and is due to be completed by 2016. Masdars headquarters is part of phase one and will be completed by the end of 2010.

Masdar Headquarters will have the lowest energy consumption per square foot, it will feature the largest photovoltaic system and the largest solar thermal driven cooling and dehumidification system. The building will also have integrated wind turbines. It will consume about 70% less water than a typical mixed-use building of its size.

Stunning Solar Building Will Generate More Power Than It Needs

The Masdar Headquarters Building

MASDAR HEADQUARTERS MASDAR CITY, ABU DHABI, UAE Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture has won an international competition to design the Masdar Headquarters, the first building in the zero waste, zero carbon emission Masdar City outside of Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates. The Masdar Headquarters will be the first mixed-use positive energy building in the world.

idea of renewable technology Wind Powers

Wind power is breaking new records in Spain, accounting for just over 40 percent of all electricity consumed during a brief period last weekend. As heavy winds lashed Spain on Saturday evening wind parks generated 9,862 megawatts of power which translated to 40.8 percent of total consumption. Between Friday and Sunday wind power accounted for an average of 28 percent of all electricity demand in Spain. Spains wind power generation equaled that of hydropower for the first time in 2007. Spain, which along with Germany and Denmark, is among the three biggest producers of wind power in the 27-nation European Union, is aiming to triple the amount of energy it derives from renewable sources by 2020.

New Record: Wind Powers 40% Of Spain

Solar Powers

North Americas Largest Solar-Electric Plant

The plant, which cost $100 million to construct covers 140 acres of land

North Americas largest solar photovoltaic system is now running and generating power about 30 million kilowatthours of electricity annually. The 14 megawatt power plant is at the Nellis Air Force Base in the sunny desert of southern Nevada. Its expected to save about $1 million in power costs annually, and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 24,000 tons each year.

The photovoltaic system is made up of 72,000 solar panels. Its enough to provide 30% of the electric needs on the base, where 12,000 people work and 7,215 people live. But at 14 megawatts the power output of this system is modest, compared to the solar thermal Nevada One project which generates 64 megawatts of power.

11 MW Solar Tower Complex Opens in Spain

The tower project is called PS10 and it uses 624 large movable mirrors called heliostats. Each of the mirrors has a surface measuring 1,290 square feet that concentrates the Suns rays to the top of a 377 foot high tower where a solar receiver and a steam turbine are located. The turbine drives a generator, producing electricity.
PS10 is the first of a set of solar electric power generation plants to be constructed in the same area that will total Europes first concentrated tower open recently near the more than 300 MW by 2013. Power generation will be sunny southern Spanish city of Seville. The 11 megawatt accomplished using a variety of technologies. plant took four years to build it was created by a Spanish energy company, Solucar.

Major Solar Power Plants In Portugal

Electric sun cells face the sun at a solar power plant in Serpa, southern Portugal

Electric sun cells face the sun at a solar power plant in Serpa, southern Portugal.

An engineer walks between sun power panels at the plant. Spread across 60 hectares

The sun sets over the solar power plant, one of the largest in Europe

Madrid Spain Huge Air Tree Structure Produces Its Own Power and Oxygen

In Madrid, Spain they are currently building a huge structure called an Air Tree or Eco Boulevard de Vallecas. The Tree was created by Urban Ecosystem to be a social center, and to improve the surrounding environment. The structure is also completely selfsufficient, generating all its own power with solar cells. Any surplus energy is sold to the electrical grid. It also produces oxygen using its arrays of plants and trees, hence the tree appellation.

Solar Trees Lighted Up Europe

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

Advanced technological methods in achieving sustainable

construction are:
Lean techniques, Industrialized Building System (IBS), Value Engineering (VE), Automated Construction Building Information Modeling (BIM),

Sustainable Supply Chain Managemnet (SSCM) etc.

LEAN PRINCIPLES

LEAN AND SUSTAINABILITY

PREFABRICATION
Modern Methods of Construction

Prefabrication
Off-Site Manufacture (OSM) Non Off-Site Manufacture Panellised Tunnel Form

Volumetric (Modular Construction) Hybrid (Semi-Volumetric) Sub-Assemblies and Components

Thin-Joint Masonry

Carpet Reinforcement

Insulating Concrete Formwork

......

PREFBRICATION
Environmental

Social
1. Better site safety 2. Less construction noise 3. Reduction on-site dust

Economic

1. Material conservation 2. Reduced waste on site 3. Better air quality 4. Less CO2 emission

1. Shorter construction time 2. Less labor requirement 3. Government incentives

Prefabrication
Economic Environmental More transport emissions Social More unemployed workers 1. Higher initial investment 2. Higher cranage cost 3. Higher transport cos

Jaillon and Poon(2008), Sustainable construction aspects of using prefabrication in dense urban environment: a Hong Kong case study. (7 projects)

THE ARK HOTEL, CHINA AN EXAMPLE OF GREEN INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM [IBS]/PREFAB/OFF SITE BUILT IN 6 DAYS!

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AND LO AND BEHOLD, 6 DAYS LATER.

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VALUE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMNET

Software Tools 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cost Xpert Earned Value Management Maturity Model (EVM3) KIDASA Software Milestones Professional QuantumPM Earned Value Manager DelTek Cobra 6. Galorath Estimating Center 7. Microsoft Project 2007 8. Safran Project 9. Other New Tools 10. P3 Projects

Value Identification

Identification and Evaluation of Options

Preferred Option

Key Factors 1. 2. 3. 4. Cost Time Quality Risk constraints

Key Techniques 1. TRIZ 2. Value engineering 3. Earned value method

Key Methods 1. Simple the best 2. Mutli-Criteria decision making

AUTOMATED CONSTRUCTION
According to the Architectural Institute of Japan, 150 types of

construction robots have been developed in the field of building construction. Robots category
Robots for structure construction works, including fire-proofing, steel

welding, iron-bar placing, concrete placing, concrete finishing, and remote wirereleasing. Robots for work completion, including exterior wall spraying, ceiling panel placing, and light-weight wall panel handling. Robots for inspection works, including outer wall tile inspection, and clean room inspection. Robots for maintenance works, including coating glass cleaning, and floor cleaning.

A total of 12 systems has been thus far developed by eight

construction companies and introduced on more than 20 construction sites.

AUTOMATED CONSTRUCTION

Automated Construction
Concrete finishing robot Fire-proofing robot Steel welding robot Tunnel cave detection system

Exterior wall spraying robot

 Contribution : plays vital role in economic growth, helps in improving the quality

of life of its citizenry Negative Impacts : implication to the environment and social aspect of the country, emission of CO2 by buildings contributed to the global warming and extreme weather Resource Consumption : About 40% of the world's resource and energy use is linked to the construction and maintenance of buildings. Green building approach : environmentally responsible and resource-efficient, promotes building practices that conserve energy and water resources, preserve open spaces, reduce energy consumption up to 50%, CO2 emission up to 39%, water used up to 40% and finally reduction in solid waste up to 70%. Advanced technological methods : Lean techniques, Industrialized Building System (IBS), Building Information Modeling (BIM), Value Engineering (VE), Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) etc.