2013/6/11

WiMAX Principle and Key Technology

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Huawei Confidential

Content

Content

WIMAX Overview

WIMAX Key Technology

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What is WiMAX?
WAN
IEEE 802.20 (proposed) IEEE 802.16Wireless MAN 3GPP,3GPP2

MAN

ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

IP-based broad-band wireless technology Megapolis Access Network based on IEEE802.16

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN

LAN
PAN

ETSI HiperLAN

IEEE 802.15 Bluetooth

ETSI HiperPAN

IEEE 802.16 is the supplement and extension for IEEE802.15 and IEEE802.11 IEEE 802.16 filled the gap for IEEE series on MAN field

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What WiMAX can do?

Mobility
High Speed SubUrban-incar

Cellular Network (GSM, CDMA, UMTS, )

Walk / Vehicle

Urban-incar

BWA (WiMAX 802.16e, )

On foot Nomadic Urban fixed

Fixed Network (xDSL, )

Fixed

Personal

0,01

0,1

10

100

Bandwidth (Mb/s)

Mobile WiMAX can meet both Mobility and Broadband Access!

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Spectrum by Region
Canada
2.3/2.5GHz 3.5/5GHz

Russia Europe
3.5GHz 5GHz
2.3/2.5/3.5GHz 5GHz

USA
1.5/2.3GHz 2.5/5GHz

Asia Pacific

ME & A
C & SA
2.5/3.5GHz 5GHz 3.5GHz 5GHz

2.3/3.3/3.5GHz 5GHz

Each geographical region defines and regulates its own set of licensed and license-exempt bands, as shown in the previous figure.

WiMAX global applications are mainly used in 2.3G, 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, and 5.8GHz frequency bands, of which 5.8GHz is a license-exempt band.

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WiMAX Network Structure

SS: Subscriber Station ASN: Access Service Network CSN: Connectivity Service Network NSP: Network Service Provider NAP: Network Access Provider

ASP: Application service provider

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Content

Content

WIMAX Overview

WIMAX Key Technology

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WiMAX key technology

Multi-element Transmitter Multi-element Receiver

N
BTS

M
MS

From 1MHz to 20MHz

OFDM/OFDMA

MIMO

Scalable Channel Bandwidth

16QAM DDDDDDUU
64QAM QPSK D Downlink U Uplink

Spectrally-Efficient TDD

AMC & HARQ

QOS & Mobility

Various WiMAX Key Technology configuration affect network planning increase network complexity

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OFDM/OFDMA introduction(1)

OFDM OFDM = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Belongs to a family of transmission schemes called multi-carrier modulation

OFDM dividing a high-bit-rate data stream into several parallel lower bit-rate streams and modulating each stream on separate carriers often called sub carriers Low rate signals have large symbol periods, which make OFDM signal resistant to multipath delay spread

OFDM use Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to allow overlap in frequency of individual narrowband signals More efficient than conventional multicarrier Guard

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OFDM/OFDMA introduction(2)

OFDM Vs OFDMA

1. OFDMA is a multi-carrier system 2. Available bandwidth is divided into many narrow bands ( sub - carrier ) 3. OFDMA divide these sub-carriers into N Groups ( sub -Channel ) 4. Data is transmitted in parallel on these sub-Channels OFDMA is the foundation for 4G

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OFDMA Permutations
Different ways of dividing the sub carriers to sub
channels in protocol are called Permutations

Main permutations:
FUSC - Full Usage of Sub-channels (downlink only ) Achieves best frequency diversity by spreading tones over entire band Distributed permutations PUSC - Partial Usage of Sub channels (uplink & downlink) / Distributed permutations Groups tones into tiles/clusters to enable fractional frequency re -use Still has distribution of tones across band for each sub -channel AMC - (or Band AMC) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (UL & DL) / Adjacent Sub-carrier Permutation

Uses adjacent tones for each sub-channel for use with beam forming

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Sub-carrier Allocation
Pilot sub-carrier DC sub-carrier Data sub-carrier Guard sub-carrier

10MHz*(28/25)=10.94KHz*1024
DL-PUSC Parameters System Bandwidth(MHz) FFT Size(Nfft) Number of Guard Subcarriers Number of Cluster/Subchannels Number of Used Subcarriers Number of Data Subcarriers Number of Pilot Subcarriers Values 5 512 91 15 420 360 60 10 1024 183 30 841 720 120 Parameters System Bandwidth(MHz) FFT Size(Nfft) Number of Guard Subcarriers Number of Cluster/Subchannels Number of Used Subcarriers Number of Data Subcarriers Number of Pilot Subcarriers UL-PUSC Values 5 512 91 17 420 272 136 10 1024 183 35 841 560 280

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OFDMA Frame Structure

frequency

Last Frame

DL Sub-frame

TTG

UL Sub-frame

RTG

Next Frame
Time

OFDMA frame is a time-frequency two-dimensional structure. The x axis is the time and the y axis is frequency TTG and RTG are the time intervals between the downlink sub-frame and uplink sub-frame The minimum unit of the time is symbol. There are totally 48 symbols per frame The minimum unit of the frequency is sub channel, there are totally 30 sub channels DL and 35 UL
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MIMO
Matrix A R=1/2 R=2/3 R=4/5
MIMOMultiple Input Multiple Output

X1 -X2*

QPSK

X2 X1*

16QAM

Matrix B
X4 X3 X2 X1

64QAM
MIMO in WiMAX system

Exploit multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver side to transmit and receive

multiple parallel data stream. Also adopt spacial multiplexing.

Without increased broadband MIMO technology can improve system capacity, frequency

utilization and data transmit rate.

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MIMO Matrix A-2T2R

STTD: Space Time Transmit Diversity
Supported to provide transmit diversity and reduce fading margin by 2-8dB depending on the environment &terminal antenna number

X1 -X2* X2 X1*

1T1R

1T2R

2T2R

Compare with SISO, MIMO 22 can improve the coverage radius about 40%~60% Support fixed and mobile service One dual-polarization antenna can support 2T2R MIMO Can support single or dual antenna terminal

800 MHZ

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MIMO Matrix B-2T2R

SM: Spatial Multiplexing

X4 X3

X2 X1

With 2x2 MIMO, the DL user and sector peak data rate are theoretically doubled. But 1.3~1.6 times than SISO is realizable.

SM: Each signal may convey different data to the same or different users, thus increase the capacity. Sector throughput, peak data rate and spectrum efficiency can be improved

Single antenna SS can support UL collaborative SM

UL collaborative SM (Virtual MIMO) can not increase the peak data rate of users, but can improve the UL sector throughput (about 20~30%)

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Adaptive MIMO Switch

Works on SM or STC mode based on CINR level

SM mode at the cell center, to improve system throughput

STC mode at the cell edge, to improve coverage

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MIMO 4T4R
Tx /Rx

Tx /Rx
BS Tx /Rx MS Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Tx /Rx MS

Huawei DBS3900 can support MIMO 4x4 (4Tx antenna,4 Rx antenna)

1.00E+00

UL_PUSC_PB3_QPSK12_Float HARQReTransDelay=10

RCT_test_point 1X2_MRC_HARQ1 1X4_MRC

1X1 1X2_MRC_HARQ2

1X2_MRC_HARQ0 1X2_MRC_HARQ3

Near 2.5 dBPB3 channel of coverage gain can be obtained using MIMO 4Rx compared with MIMO 2Rx
PER

1.00E-01

2.5dB

1.00E-02

1.00E-03

Coverage radius increase 15~20 thank to 2.5dB additional diversity gain of MIMO 4T4R

1.00E-04

1.00E-05 -4 -2 0 2 SNR 4 6 8 10

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4T4R MIMO A/B+BF (Beamforming)

Multipath effect will make different phases for one signal so that the compound signal will be offset or reduced. The CINR will be lower since the multipath effect is there. This situation occurs especially at the cell edge

BF is a technology which through adjusting different signals phase before transmitting to get the same signal phases at the receiver, it adjusts the phase base on the estimate of the UL channel status, So it can improve the signal quality for the special user
BF brings 25% increment of border user throughput and 10% increment of sector throughput BF can obtain additional 3~4dB coverage gain at DL compared with MIMO Matrix A

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Huawei MIMO Evolution Roadmap

MIMO 2T2R Matrix-A Adaptive Matrix-A&B

MIMO 4T4R

MIMO 4T4R Beamforming

WiMAX industry development roadmap is from MIMO Matrix-A&B to MIMO-BF; MIMO antenna technology is the basis for all 4G standards

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Variable theoretical
TDD: Time Division Duplex
TDD Ratio =35:12 CCH Overhead: 7symbols(DL), 3symbols(UL) Data symbol: DL:UL=28:9

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 47 48
DL-Data TTG UL-CCH UL-Data

DL-CCH

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 47 48
DL-Data TTG UL-CCH UL-Data

TDD Ratio =29:18 CCH Overhead:7symbols(DL), 3symbols(UL) Data symbol: DL:UL=22:15

DL-CCH

Main TDD ratios supported by Industry products : (35: 12), (32 : 15), (29 : 18), (26 : 21) More symbols, higher throughput Select the TDD ratio for each network base on the throughput requirement of DL and UL

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AMC: Adaptive Modulation and Coding

Peak throughput DL modulation and coding type: QPSK1/2, QPSK3/4 16QAM1/2, 16QAM3/4 64QAM1/2, 64QAM2/3, 64QAM3/4, 64QAM5/6
64QAM 16QAM QPSK

25%~30%

UL modulation and coding type: QPSK1/2, QPSK3/4 16QAM1/2, 16QAM3/4

65%~70%
Average throughput
Modulation And Efficiency Channel Coding Rate Bearer Efficiency (bits/symbol)

Name

QPSK 1/2 QPSK 3/4

16QAM 1/2 16QAM 3/4 64QAM 1/2 64QAM 2/3 64QAM 3/4 64QAM 5/6

QPSK QPSK
16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

2 2
4 4 6 6 6 6

0.5 0.75
0.5 0.75 0.5 0.67 0.75 0.833

1 1.5
2 3 3 4 4.5 5

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Site Capacity Calculation - Concept

47 symbols for DL sub-frame and UL sub-frame. we take 7 symbols for common message at DL and 3 symbols at UL. Example: TDD ratio 35:12, symbols for data is 28 DL and 9 UL

Known number : bits data per symbol per carrier frame length (5 millisecond)
Throughput = (modulation efficiency * coding efficiency * number of data symbols per frame * number of data sub carriers per frame) / duration of each frame

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Site Capacity Calculation - Concept

Mobile WIMAX PHY Data Rates with PUSC Sub-Channel Parameter System Bandwidth FFT Size Null Sub-Carriers Pilot Sub-Carriers Data Sub-Carriers Sub-Channels Downlink Uplink 5MHz 512 92 60 360 15 104 136 272 17 Downlink Uplink 10MHz 1024 184 120 720 30 184 280 560 35

For the PUSC permutation mode, each sub-channel includes 24 data sub-carriers DL and 16 data sub-

carriers UL.

Different channel bandwidth can directly affect the single-site throughput. The number of sub-channels

assigned to single user directly affect the single-user throughput.

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Site Capacity Calculation-PHY Layer

Fixed parameters:
DL-PUSC: The number of sub-channels is 30. Each sub-channel includes 24 data sub-carriers UL-PUSC: The number of sub-channels is 35. Each sub-channel includes 16 data sub-carriers

Case:
Assumption condition:
The channel bandwidth is 10MHz. The TDD scale time is DL:UL = 35:12. The downlink modulation mode is 64QAM, and the coding mode is 5/6. Uplink modulation mode is 16QAM, and the coding mode is 3/4.

Calculation:
DL-PUSC throughput per sector

= number of sub-channels * data sub-carriers per sub-Channel * number of symbols

* Modulation Efficiency * coding Efficiency / duration of each frame = 30*24*(35-7)*6*(5/6)/(5/1000) = 20.16Mbps UL-PUSC throughput per sector = 35*16*4*(3/4)/(5/1000) = 3.36Mbps MAC efficiency is about 90% of the PHY throughput The theoretical peak throughput can be doubled when Use MIMO B DL and CSM UL
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Thank you
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