TRAVERSABLE SCHWARZSCHILD

WORMHOLE SOLUTION


Nur Izzati Ishak (SES100227)
Prof. Dr. Wan Ahmad Tajuddin
Bin Wan Abdullah
Theoretical Physics Laboratory
Department of Physics, Faculty
of Science, University Malaya
50603 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

OUTLINES
Objective
Introduction
a)Einstein Field Equation
b)solution of Einstein field equation
Methodology
a)structural equation of wormhole
b)solving field equation
-mathematics of embedding
-Exotic material
Results and Analysis
Energy density
Discussion
a)Energy condition
b)Violation
Conclusions
References


1.construct a traversable wormhole solution using
Morris-Thorne framework:
spherically symmetric and static metric
In every point on the spacetime, the metric must fulfill
Einstein field equation.
No event horizon.
The solution must be consist shape of wormhole; throat
and flare-out condition
Sources of curvature for wormhole must have physically
acceptable energy.
2. To derive the equation that describes the
exoticity of matter used as the source to generate
spacetime curvature.









OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTIONS
Einstein field equation represent curvature
of space and matter.
Matter is characterized by energy
momentum tensor
Its geometrized the gravitation


4
8 G
G T
c
v v
t
=
SOLUTION OF FIELD EQUATION
Schwarzschild black hole


2 r m
( )
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 sin
m m
ds dt dr r d d
r r
u u

| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
Singularity
(Spacetime shrink to zero volume V =0)
SPACETIME METRIC
=Gravitational redshift
b=shape function


metric tensors(gravitational potential)



2 2 00 u
= c e g
( ) r b g / 1
11
=
2 22
= r g
u
2 2 33
sin

= r g
| |
33 22 11 00
, , , g g g g diag g =
v
r b
g
/ 1
1
11

=
( )
2 2
00
c e g
r
u
=
2
22
r g =
u
2 2
33
sin r g =
v
v
g g / 1 =
( )
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 ) ( 2 2
sin
/ 1
u u d d r
r b
dr
dt c e ds
r
+ +

+ =
u
| u = = = =
4 3 2 0
, , , x x r x t x
u
CHRISTOFFEL SYMBOLS

Nine nonzero terms
From spacetime metric, derived Christoffel
symbols using:

| v
o| o
v ,
I = I g
( )
v | | v v|
o|
g g g
g
c c + c =
2
,

'
0
01
u = I
|
.
|

\
|
u = I
u
r
b
c e 1 '
2 2 1
00
( ) r b
b
r
b

= I
2
'
1
11
r b = I
1
22
( ) u
2 1
33
sin r b = I
u u cos sin
2
33
= I
r
1
3
13
= I
2
12
1
r
I =
3
23
cotu I =
RIEMANN AND RICCI TENSOR AND
RICCI SCALAR
Riemann tensors

Riemann tensors describe the curvature of wormhole
spacetime
Contraction of Riemann tensor yield Ricci tensor



the difference in acceleration of two freely falling
neighboring particles into the wormhole
o
v

|
o
|

v
o
|
o
v |
o
v|
v
I I I I + I c I c = R
o
|v
|
o
o
|o
|
v
o
o v
o
v o v
I I I I + I c I c = R
Ricci tensor
( )
|
|
.
|

\
| u
+

u u + u |
.
|

\
|
=
u
r b r r
b r b
r
b
c e R
' 2
2
'
' ' ' ' 1
2 2 2
00
( )
( )
2
11
' "
2
'
2
'
u u |
.
|

\
|
+ u

=
r b r r
b r b
R
( )
( )
'
2
'
'
22
b
b r r
b r b
r b R +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ u =
u
2
22 33
sin R R =
Contraction of Ricci tensor yield Ricci scalar
33
33
22
22
11
11
00
00
R g R g R g R g R g R + + + = =
v
v
( )
( )
r
b
r
b r b
r
r b
r
r b
R
'
2
'
' ' 4 ' ' '
2
2 2
2
+

u +

u + u + u

=
EINSTEIN TENSORS

Represent GRAVITY

R g R G
v v v
2
1
=
2
2 2
00
'
r
b
c e G
u
=
( ) ( ) r b r
b
r r b r
r b b
G

+
u
+

=
' ' 2 '
2
11
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
22
' "
2
'
' '
2
'
2
u + u u
u
= r b r
b
r b b r b
r
b
G
u
2
33 33
sin G G =
EINSTEIN FIELD EQUATIONS
Orthonormal basis vector to represent
proper reference frame of observer who
remains at rest in coordinate system
with fixed
( ) , , , ct r u
( ) , , r u
Basis vectors: ( ) ( )
u
e e e e e e e e
r t
~
,
~
,
~
,
~ ~
,
~
,
~
,
~
3 2 1 0

Transformation
v
v

e e
~ ~

A =

v
g g

A A =

v
g R

A A =

v
G G

A A =
Lemos et al(2003) Columbia University
( ) ( ) | |
1 1
2 / 1

sin , , / 1 ,
u
= A u
v

r r r b e diag
0
r is radius of throat
a Is wormhole mouth
STRESS ENERGY MOMENTUM TENSORS
Einstein Field equation via the Bianchi identity:


Nonzero components stress-energy tensors:

is energy density
is radial tension
is tangential pressure
u v
t

4

8
T
c
G
G =
2
0

) ( c r T =
) (
1

r T t =
) (
3

r p T T = =
) (r
) (r t
) (r p
SPACETIME METRIC PROFILE OF STRESS ENERGY COMPONENTS







FIELD EQUATIONS
Total energy density


Radial tension


Tangential pressure

( )
(

u
|
.
|

\
|
=
r r
b
r
b
G
c
r
'
1 2
8
3
4
t
t
( )
(
(
(
(

u
+
|
.
|

\
|

u
|
.
|

\
|

u + u
|
.
|

\
|
=
r
r
b
r
b r b
r
b
r
b r b
r
b
G
c
r p
1 2
'
'
1 2
'
' ' ' 1
8
) (
2 2
2
2
t
( )
2
2
'
8 r
b
G
c
r
t
=
| | t t
|
.
|

\
|
= '
2
(
2
c
r
r p

BIRKHOFF THEOREM
Existance of spherical (nontraversable)
Scwarzchild wormhole as the only solution that
can exist in vacuum Einstein field equation

Consequence??
Traversable wormhole must be associated with
matter or field wih nonzero stress energy tensor
SOLVING THE EINSTEIN FIELD EQUATION
Firstly generate suitable geometry for wormhole solution by
controlling shape function and redshift function

Determine suitable stress-energy tensors from geometry
through the fields equation of and

p , t
MATHEMATICS OF EMBEDDING
Function: To visualize the wormhole shape and obtain the
information on our chosen shape function.

An equatorial slice of static spherical symmetry geometry at
=

2
is considered.
Re- parameterized using :


the representation of this line elements:
( )
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 ) ( 2 2
sin
/ 1
u u d d r
r b
dr
dt c e ds
r
+ +

+ =
u
2
2 2 2
1
dr
ds r d
b r
= +

MATHEMATICS OF EMBEDDING

To visualize this line element ,embed this slice into to the 3-D Euclidean
space

metric in cylindrical coordinate is


Embedded surface is axially symmetric,



Minimum radius,




strict minimality at throat, the flare out condition:





( ) z r , ,
2 2 2 2 2
d r dr dz ds + + =
) (r z z =
( )
2
1
1

|
.
|

\
|
=
r b
r
dr
dz
2
1
1
) (
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
r b
r
dz
dr
0
2
'
2 2
2
>

=
b
r b b
dz
r d
0
2
'
2 2
2
>

=
b
r b b
dz
r d
( )
2
1
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
r b
r
dr
dz
0 > z
( )
}

=
a
r
r r b
dr
r l
0
2 / 1
/ ) ( 1
) (
0 < z
( )
}

=
a
r
r r b
dr
r l
0
2 / 1
/ ) ( 1
) (

Absence of even horizon:

is everywhere finite and as
u
0 u
l
EXOTIC MATTER
Configuration needed to support wormhole:

Flaring out condition:


At wormhole throat , finite with and


Define the exoticity of material!!




0
r b r = =

' b
2
2
c
c

=
'
'
1 2
'
2
2
2 2
b r
b
r
dz
r d
b r
b u
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
0
2
0
2
0 0
0
>

=
c
c

( ) 0 ' / 1 u r b
Constraint on exoticity function:

the radial tension at throat is large as it must
surpassed the magnitude of the energy density
Property:

material exhibit this property known as exotic
matter
What is means by this property???


2
0 0
c t >
0
2
> > c t
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
ENERGY DENSITY
What is observation of energy density measured by statics
observers time?
Vectors static observers
Stress-energy tensor with basis vector on the observers
time


where
3

~
,
~
,
~
,
~
e e e e
1

' 0

~
) / (
~ ~
e c v e e =
( )
1

2 2
0

2
0

2
' 0

' 0

) / ( / T c v T c v T T + =
| |
0
2 2
0
2
) / ( t c v c =
( )
0 0
2
0
2
t t + = c ( )
2 / 1
2 2
/ 1

= c v
As the observer move with very fast radial velocity (
very large) he will observed negative energy
density
the matter in this region exhibit gravitational
repulsion properties
repulsion required negative energy density which
only possible if the null energy condition is violated
Amount of exotic matter used in wormhole solution
is quantified via the


( )
2 2
) ( c c r t =
DISCUSSION
ENERGY CONDITION
Can negative energy exist?
AWEC:
Average Point Wise Energy Condition along
the observers geodesic
as long as the average sum of this energy
density is positive.


By Quantum Inequalities (QI)
inertial observer at Minkowski spacetime will
observed the negative energy in short period
of time
How about in curve space??
consider small spacetime volume at the
throat
the spacetime can be approximated as flat
surface throat is slightly larger than Planck
size
VIOLATION
Hawking evaporation
squeezed vacuum state in non -linear
optics
CONCLUSIONS
considering a spherical symmetry spacetime metric
we obtained important equation of spacetime
structure in solving Einstein field equation .
Following Morris and Thorne approach in solving
these equations yield the definition of dimensionless
function known as exoticity function
This implies troublesome constraints on properties of
material at the throat of wormhole where it must
exhibit negative energy density. The exoticity of this
material represents the measure of energy conditions
violation.





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