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Plot graph of quantity of product / reactant against time Calculate the average rate of reaction Calculate the rate of reaction at the specific time from the graph.
Is proven by
Experiment On Effect Of Surface Area Experiment On Effect Of Concentration Experiment On Effect Of Temperature Experiment On Effect Of Catalyst
Rate Of Reaction
Measurement Rate Of Reaction
Rate
Speed = total Distance/Total time
J.B
K.L
Speed=
=
= 300km/h
Speed=
= = 100km/h
Reaction Types
Chemical Bonds are made / broken Change in oxidation states Plasma
2 1
Li
+1
P+1
P+1
Reactivity
Combustibility Gas formation Precipitate
Color change
(i.e., reactivity, combustibility). development of a gas, formation of precipitate, and change in color).
weathering of rocks
The fermentation of sugar to alcohol is quite slow but you can see the carbon dioxide bubbles forming in the 'froth' in a laboratory experiment or beer making in industry!
Bubble gas
A faster reaction example is magnesium reacting with hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride and hydrogen or the even faster reaction between sodium and water to form sodium hydroxide. Combustion reactions e.g. when a fuel burns in air or oxygen, is a very fast reaction.
O2
BURNING
powder
5 minute
1 minute
Z gs-
Z cm3s-
Observable changes
The change in amount of reactant / product that can be measured : Decrease in total quantity of mass / concentration of the reactant per unit of time. Increase in total amount of mass / concentration of the product of reaction per unit of time Total volume of the gas released. Formation of precipitate.
Decrease in total quantity of mass / concentration of the reactant per unit of time.
Increase in total amount of mass / concentration of the product of reaction per unit of time
burette
water
Must shade!
Formation of precipitate.
Na2SO3+2HClNaCl+S+SO2+H20
PERCIPITATE
stopwatch
Precipitate the
formation of insoluble ionic compounds.
Does NOT dissolve in water.
Example: Study the reaction: Between calcium carbonate and excess 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloride acid. CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)
Mass of CaCO3 (g)
Concentration of HCl (mole dm-3)
time (s)
time (s)
time (s)
time (s)
Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)
stopwatch
Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)
Hydrometer
Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)
Hydrometer
Observable changes
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)
Displacement Of water
Remember !!!
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)
Quantities of reactant will decreases against time Quantities of product will increases against time
90 120 150 180 210 240 23.5 16.0 10.5 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
40
40
30
30
37.00cm3
27.00cm3
(a)
Draw an apparatus to shows how this experiment can be conducted at laboratory.
x
x
(b)
Write a balance chemical equation for this reaction. CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)
(c)
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 CaCO3 + 2H++2Cl- Ca2++2Cl- + H2O + CO2
insoluble salt
(d)
Carbon dioxide gas
(e)
A reaction between small pieces of excess calcium carbonate with 80 cm3 hydrochloric acid 0.05M is conducted a laboratory to study the rate of reaction at interval time.
0.05(80)
(f)
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
From the chemical equation :
Mole Ratios: 2 mol HCl : 1 mol CO2 0.004 mol HCl :
1 mol CO2
= 0.00224
3 = 0.048 dm
(g)
Because some of carbon dioxide gas can escape to surrounding during the experiment.
(h)
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 Burette reading (cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5 Volume CO2 (cm3) 0 16 26 90 16.0 33.5 120 10.5 39 150 5.0 44.5 180 2.0 47.5 210 2.0 47.5 240 2.0 47.5
Time(second)
30 y 33.5
60 z 23.5
90
120
45
40
35
30
25
Connect
20
15
10
the point without using ruler! Not all the point is connected
Time , s
45
40
35
30
25
20
Cannot like this graph Straight line Its must be smooth graph
15
10
Time s
(i)
3 -1 33.590=0.372 cm s
unit
i(ii)
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 Burette reading (cm3) 49.5 33.5 23.5 Volume CO2 (cm3) 0 16 26 90 16.0 33.5 120 10.5 39 150 5.0 44.5 180 2.0 47.5 210 2.0 47.5 240 2.0 47.5
3 -1 47.5180= 0.264 cm s
(h)
Volume of gas against time y x How to fit your scale in graph? For y: use ratio 5: 10 Check its enough by 510=0.5
Analysis of Data
Rate of reaction at t second = gradient AB
Tangent is a line that touch just 1 point of graph in order to calculate gradient
Time (second)
Tangent
Cannot touch more than 2 point because each of point have different gradient
50
45
40
35
Same length
30
25
20
15
10
Analysis of data
Total Volume of CO2(cm3)
F
D E
B
C
Time (second)
number of small
Time (second)
First Method
Gradient of graph:
m=
Y X
y2
m=
Y2-y1 X2-x1
y1
x1
x2
Time (second)
Analysis of Data
Rate of reaction at t second = gradient AB
Time (second)
Analysis of data
Total Volume of CO2(cm3)
F
D E
B
C
t1
t2
t3
Time (second)
(j)
From the answer of question (i) (iii) and (i) (iv), make a conclusion from the calculation of this experiment.
(k)
Explain why does there is a difference of the rate of reaction at 30 second and 120 second.
Ans: Rate of reaction at 30 second is higher because number of particles of reactant is higher than 120 second
(l)
In your opinion, what will happen to the rate of reaction if, The concentration of acid is increased. A calcium carbonate powder is used in this experiment. The volume of acid is increased. The temperature of acid is increased. A bigger conical flask is used. The conical flask containing acid is shaken.