Internal Combustion Engine

Engine
A device which produces power

Introduction
Combustion A process to convert chemical energy contained in the fuel into thermal energy Engine A device which produces power Heat Engine A device which produces power from heat energy which is produced from chemical energy

Classifications of Heat Engines

External Combustion (EC) Engine The combustion takes place at out side the cylinder. Eg: Steam engines External Combustion (IC) Engine The combustion takes place at inside the cylinder. Eg: petrol engines, Diesel engines

Classifications of IC Engines
Based on cycle of operations:

Two Stroke Cycle Engine Four Stroke Cycle Engine

Based on cycle of combustion:

Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Dual Cycle

Single cylinder engines Multi cylinder engines

Based on Number of cylinders:

Classifications of IC Engines cont

Based on arrangement of cylinders:

Horizontal Engine Vertical Engine V- type Engine Radial type Engine Diesel Engine Petrol Engine Gas engine

Based on fuel used:

Classifications of IC Engines cont

Based on speed:

Low speed Engines Medium speed Engine High speed Engine Spark Ignition Engines Compression Ignition Engines Air Cooled Engines Water Cooled Engines

Based on Method of ignitions:

Based on Method of Cooling:

Classifications of IC Engines cont

Based on speed:

Low speed Engines Medium speed Engine High speed Engine Spark Ignition Engines Compression Ignition Engines Air Cooled Engines Water Cooled Engines

Based on Method of ignitions:

Based on Method of Cooling:

Classifications of IC Engines cont

Parts of IC Engines
Parts common to both Petrol and Diesel engine: 1. cylinder 2. Cylinder head 3. Piston 4. Piston rings 5. Gudgeon pin 6. Connecting rod 7. crankshaft 8. Crank 9. Engine bearing 10. Crank case 11. Flywheel 12. Governor 13. Valves and valve operating mechanism.

Parts of IC Engines cont

Parts for Petrol engines only:
1. Spark plugs 2. Carburetor 3. Fuel pump

Parts for Diesel engines only:

1. Fuel pump 2. Injector

Parts of IC Engines cont

Cylinder: where the piston moves up and down. Hard grade cast iron. Cylinder Head: It placed at top of the cylinder to cover the oneside of the cylinder. Piston: cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down the cylinder.

Parts of IC Engines cont

Piston rings: It rounds the piston. Cast iron. Their main function is to provide a good sealing fit between the piston and cylinder. prevent fuel/air from leaking into the sump prevent oil from entering the combustion chamber

Parts of IC Engines cont

Combustion chamber: Area where combustion and compression takes place. Connecting rod: It transmits the piston load to the crank to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Gudgeon pin It supports and allows the connecting rod to swivel.

Parts of IC Engines cont

Crankshaft: It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotary motion Spark plug: supplies spark for the fuel/air mixture. Inlet Valves: Admits the air or mixture of air and fuel into engine cylinder.

Parts of IC Engines cont

Outlet Valves Discharge the product of combustion. Flywheel In engine it takes care of fluctuations of speed during thermodynamic cycle.

Parts of IC Engines cont

Terms connected with IC Engine

Bore: Diameter of the cylinder or diameter of the piston face Top Dead Center (TDC): The Maximum position of the piston inside the cylinder Bottom Dead Center (BDC): The Minimum position of the piston inside the cylinder

Terms connected with IC Engine cont

Clearance volume: Minimum volume in the combustion chamber with piston at TDC. Stroke:

Amount of vertical travel of the piston from bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC)

Terms connected with IC Engine cont

Four Strokes of an Engines

The four strokes are: 1. Suction Stroke 2. Compression Stroke 3. Power Stroke 4. Exhaust Stroke

Working of Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Suction Stroke: Piston moves from TDC to BDC. The inlet valve is opened. The exhaust valve is remained closed for entire stroke. Vacuum is created inside the cylinder, so air is entered into the cylinder. Where volume is increased and pressure is reduced. Flywheel completes half revolution.

Working of Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Suction Stroke

Working of Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Compression Stroke: Piston moves from BDC to TDC. The inlet and exhaust valves are kept in closed condition. Now the air is compressed inside the cylinder to high pressure and temperature. At end of the compression stroke the fuel is injected by fuel injector. The fuel is atomised. Flywheel completes one revolution.

Working of Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Compression Stroke

Working of Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Power Stroke: Piston moves from TDC to BDC. The inlet and exhaust valves are kept in closed condition. Fuel is burnt by the high temperature of air and makes a downward thrust. The high power is transmitted to crankshaft through connecting rod. Flywheel completes one and half revolution.

Working of Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Power Stroke

Working of Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Exhaust Stroke: Piston moves from BDC to TDC. The inlet is kept in closed condition and exhaust valves is in opened condition. The burnt gas is allowed to go out of the cylinder due to upward movement of the piston. Flywheel completes two revolution.

Working of Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Exhaust Stroke

Working of Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Working of Four Stroke Petrol Engine

The four strokes are: 1. Suction Stroke 2. Compression Stroke 3. Power Stroke 4. Exhaust Stroke

Working of Four Stroke Petrol Engine

The working principle is similar that of Diesel engine. Replace the words Air by air fuel mixture & Fuel injector by spark plug

Working of Four Stroke Petrol Engine

Working of Two Stroke Petrol Engine

Suction Stroke: Inlet port is in opened condition. Transfer and Exhaust Ports are in closed condition. Piston moves from BDC to TDC The fuel/air mixture is drawn into the crankcase by the vacuum created during the upward stroke of the piston.

Working of Two Stroke Petrol Engine

Suction

Working of Two Stroke Petrol Engine

Compression Stroke: Inlet port is in opened condition. Transfer and Exhaust Ports are in closed condition. Piston moves from BDC to TDC The piston compresses fuel/air mixture which is at top of the piston. At the same time , another intake stroke is happening beneath the piston The crank completes half revolution of rotation.

Working of Two Stroke Petrol Engine

Compression

Working of Two Stroke Petrol Engine

Power Stroke: Inlet port is also in closed condition. Transfer and Exhaust Ports are in closed condition. Piston moves from TDC to BDC At the top of the stroke the spark plug ignites the fuel mixture. The burning fuel expands, driving the piston downward

Working of Two Stroke Petrol Engine

Power

Working of Two Stroke Petrol Engine

Exhaust Stroke: Inlet port is in closed condition. Transfer and Exhaust Ports are in opened condition. Piston moves from TDC to BDC the compressed fuel/air mixture in the crankcase is allowed to enter into the main cylinder through transfer port. This freshly entered air fuel mixture expels the exhaust gasses out the exhaust port,

Working of Two Stroke Petrol Engine

Exhaust