Basic Protective Relaying Remote-Local Backup Protection

Ed Khan April, 2013

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Backup Protection
Back Up Protection are of three types:
Remote Local Beaker Failure

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Backup Protection
Overlapping Zones of Protection

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Backup Protection

Overlapping Zones

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Backup Protection

Zones of Protection Provide Remote Backup

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Remote Backup Protection

D Remote Backup is inherent when we overlap the zones. D The tripping occurs at station or stations other than the one that is responsible to provide primary protection D The speed is slow D A large part of system has to be tripped to isolate the fault D Sometimes the remote backup may not be sensitive enough B
3

Breaker 5 opens correctly

5

Breaker 3 fails to open

4 6

Zone 1
Zone 2

Remote protection at Breakers 1 and 6 have to open and isolate the fault.

Zone 3
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Remote Backup Protection

11 5 7 12 13 6 8 15 17 3 4 16 14

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Suppose breaker 8 fails to open even though the relaying may have worked fine. In that case we could rely on remote back at breakers 14, 16 and 18.
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Backup Protection
11 5 7 12 13 6 8 15 17 3 4 16 14

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We lose larger part of the system using remote backup. Also, tripping is not assured under all operating conditions due to Infeed effect, etc.
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Remote Backup Protection

11 5 7 12 13 6 8 15 17 3 4 16 14

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Remote backup is inherently there due to overlapping of zones of protection.

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Remote Backup Protection

Substation topology affects tripping requirements. Less impact on system with Breaker and a Half arrangement

13

14

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Backup Protection
With the advent of EHV and increased concern for system reliability a greater emphasis is being placed on local backup/breaker failure. Remote backup still remains as a second tier. Also, in some instances, a fault may have to be cleared by a combination of local and remote backup

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Local Backup Protection

What does Local Backup comprise of: D Redundant primary and secondary relays D Primary and secondary relays from different manufacturers D Different technologies for primary and secondary relaying D Redundant CTs D Redundant battery supplies D Dual breaker trip We do not usually provide dual PTs

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Local Backup Protection

11 5 7 12 13 6 8 15 17 3 4 16 14

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Fault between breakers 6 and 8 needs to cleared by these breakers. If primary relaying at any of these breakers fails, secondary protection (local backup) at these breakers should operate.
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Breaker Failure Protection

Even with all the redundancies, the local backup is not completely adequate because of the failure of a breaker to open when called upon to
do so. This is known as breaker failure.

This is a type of local backup

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Breaker Failure Protection

What is Breaker Failure

Breaker Fails to trip to clear a fault due to:

Trip Coil is defective Control Wiring Problem Gas pressure low Operating mechanism is jammed

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Breaker Failure Protection

Breaker Failure Relaying Functional Logic

62 Aux relay
AND L1 L2 L3
Fault detectors 62BF

86BF

OR

Timer

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Breaker Failure Protection

Protection Trip: 1Cy. Drop out time Of current prot : 1 Cy. Margin: 5 Cy.

Operating Time of CB: 2Cy.

Breaker fail timer time delay : 8 Cy. Breaker fail protection start

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Breaker Failure Protection

Protection Trip: 1Cy. Drop out time Of current prot : 1 Cy. Operating Time of CB: 2Cy.

Margin: 5 Cy.

Breaker fail timer time delay : 8 Cy. Breaker fail protection start

Operating Breaker fail Time of CB: 2 Cy. Protection trip : 0.5 Cy

Margin 7 Cy.

Remote Zone 2 Back up protection operation time :say 20 Cy.

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Any Questions ? Thank You

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