Digital Image Processing

Introduction Fundamentals Image spectrum Application Key stages Elements Image model pixel

Textbooks
A.K. Jain: Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Prentice-Hall, 1989. R.C. Gonzalez and R.E. Woods: Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall, 2001.

Journals & Conferences in Image Processing

Journals: IEEE T IMAGE PROCESSING IEEE T MEDICAL IMAGING INTL J COMP. VISION IEEE T PATTERN ANALYSIS MACHINE INTELLIGENCE PATTERN RECOGNITION COMP. VISION AND IMAGE UNDERSTANDING IMAGE AND VISION COMPUTING Conferences: CVPR: Comp. Vision and Pattern Recognition ICCV: Intl Conf on Computer Vision ACM Multimedia ICIP SPIE ECCV: European Conf on Computer Vision CAIP: Intl Conf on Comp. Analysis of Images and Patterns

Image processing -Introduction

Processing the digital images in two, three, and four (3 space + 1 time) dimensions Formation ( acquisition) Enhancement (pre-processing) Analysis (segmentation, feature extraction, recognition, .) Communication/Transmission An image processing operation typically defines a new image g in terms of an existing image f. We can transform either the range of f.

What is a Digital Image?

Common image formats include:
1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale) 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue) 4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and Alpha, ie. Opacity)

Why Digital?
Exactness
Perfect reproduction without degradation Perfect duplication of processing result

Convenient & powerful computer-aided processing

Can perform rather sophisticated processing through hardware or software

Easy storage and transmission

1 CD can store hundreds of photos! Paperless transmission of high quality photos through network within seconds

Image in spectrum
The most important types of visible and non-visible spectrum used in digital image

Light and EM Spectrum

Monochromatic light: void of color Monochromatic images are referred to as gray-scale images Chromatic light bands: 0.43 to 0.79 um Low wavelength high energy Gamma rays highly energetic &low wavelength Energy related to frequency Radio waves have high wavelength X-rays soft &hard

Applications
Image display, transmission and storage

Video compression standard like HDTV Multimedia Medical processing (Chest X-ray; tomography, MRI, ultrasonic scanning) Remote sensing, deep-space-probe mission Radar, sonar, acoustic imaging Robotics, computer vision

Some Applications -- Medical Diagnostics

Examples: Industrial Inspection

Human operators are expensive, slow and unreliable Make machines do the job instead Industrial vision systems are used in all kinds of industries

Examples: PCB Inspection

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
Machine inspection is used to determine that all components are present and that all solder joints are acceptable Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are used

Examples: Law Enforcement

Image processing techniques are used extensively by law enforcers
Number plate recognition for speed cameras/automated toll systems Fingerprint recognition Enhancement of CCTV images

Examples: MRI (Radio Band)

Examples: Ultrasound Imaging

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing

Image Restoration Morphological Processing

Image Enhancement

Segmentation

Image Acquisition

Object Recognition

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Key Stages -Image Acquisition

Image Restoration Morphological Processing

Image Enhancement

Segmentation

Image Acquisition

Object Recognition

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Key Stages -Image Enhancement

Image Restoration Morphological Processing

Image Enhancement

Segmentation

Image Acquisition

Object Recognition

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Key Stages -Image Restoration

Image Restoration Morphological Processing

Image Enhancement

Segmentation

Image Acquisition

Object Recognition

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Key Stages -Morphological Processing

Image Restoration Morphological Processing

Image Enhancement

Segmentation

Image Acquisition

Object Recognition

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Key Stages -Segmentation

Image Restoration Morphological Processing

Image Enhancement

Segmentation

Image Acquisition

Object Recognition

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Key Stages -Object Recognition

Image Restoration Morphological Processing

Image Enhancement

Segmentation

Image Acquisition

Object Recognition

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Key Stages -Representation & Description

Image Restoration Morphological Processing

Image Enhancement

Segmentation

Image Acquisition

Object Recognition

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Key Stages -Image Compression

Image Restoration Morphological Processing

Image Enhancement

Segmentation

Image Acquisition

Object Recognition

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Key Stages -Colour Image Processing

Image Restoration Morphological Processing

Image Enhancement

Segmentation

Image Acquisition

Object Recognition

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

ELEMENTS OF IMAGE PROCESSING

Image Acquisition

DIGITIZER

Pixel ,pel (picture element) is elementary point of the image.