Global Positioning System

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History
First satellite navigation system, used by the United States Navy in 1960 Used a constellation of 5 satellites Design is based partly on similar ground-based radio navigation systems Like LORAN and the Decca Navigator developed in 1940s Used during World War II GPS was freely available for civilian use, after Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was shot down in 1983 The first satellite was launched in 1989 and the 24th and last satellite was launched in 1994
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Unlaunched GPS satellite on display at the San Diego Aerospace 5/25/2013 SMVITM museum 3

Timeline and Modernization

1978, the first experimental Block-I GPS satellite To validate the concept ten more experimental Block-I satellites launched in 1985 On February 14, 1989, the first modern Block-II satellite By January 17, 1994 a complete constellation of 24 satellites was in orbit. The oldest GPS satellite still in operation was launched on November 26, 1990, and became operational on December 10, 1990. The most recent launch was on August 17, 2009
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A full size model of the Earth SMVITM observation satellite ERS 2

How GPS Works?

GPS system includes three components
1. Satellites monitoring stations on the earth that control the satellites and transmit the updated information 2. Space component made up of GPS satellites 3. GPS receiver module which is used by user

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Three Segments of the GPS

Space Segment

User Segment Control Segment Ground Antennas

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Master Station

Monitor Stations

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Control Segment
US Space Command

Cape Canaveral Hawaii Kwajalein Atoll Diego Garcia Ascension Is.

Master 5/25/2013 Control Station

Monitor SMVITM Station

Ground Antenna 9

Control Segment
The flight paths of the satellites are tracked by U.S. Air Force monitoring stations GPS satellites are updated by navigational update using ground station antennas Satellite maneuvers are not precise by GPS standards

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Space Segment

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Space Segment
The space segment (SS) comprises the orbiting GPS satellites or Space Vehicles (SV) in GPS parlance The GPS design originally called for 24 SVs, eight each in three circular orbital planes Orbiting altitude is approx. 20,200 km Orbital radius is approx. 26,600 km As of March 2008 there are 31 actively broadcasting satellites

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User Segment

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GPS Receiver
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User Segment
Military Search and rescue Disaster relief Surveying Marine, aeronautical and terrestrial navigation Remote controlled vehicle and robot guidance Satellite positioning and tracking Shipping Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Recreation
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GPS receiver module

Launch of the first British Sky net military satellite 5/25/2013 SMVITM

A typical GPS receiver with integrated 16 antenna

Position is Based on Time

Signal leaves satellite at time T

T+3

Signal is picked up by the receiver at time T + 3

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Distance between satellite and receiver = 3 times the SMVITM speed of light

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Signal From One Satellite

The receiver is somewhere on this sphere.

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Signals From Two Satellites

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Three Satellites (2D Positioning)

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Triangulating Correct Position

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Sources of GPS Error

Standard Positioning Service (SPS ): Civilian Users Source Amount of Error
Satellite clocks: Orbital errors: Ionosphere: Troposphere: Receiver noise: Multipath: 1.5 to 3.6 meters < 1 meter 5.0 to 7.0 meters 0.5 to 0.7 meters 0.3 to 1.5 meters 0.6 to 1.2 meters

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Wide Area Augmentation System

Geostationary WAAS satellites GPS Constellation

WAAS Control 5/25/2013 Station (West Coast)

Local Area System (LAAS) SMVITM

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