ADVANCED MODULATION

TECHNIQUES
Sinusoidal PWM
24 May 2013 2
Gate Signal Generation
1 g
v
4 g
v
d
V
0
AN
v
t
t 2
mA
v
cr
v
0





Phase A
cr mA
v v >
0
1
>
g
v ) 0 (
4
<
g
v
1
S on ) off (
4
S
d AN
V v =
cr mA
v v <
0
4
>
g
v ) 0 (
1
<
g
v
4
S on ) off (
1
S 0 =
AN
v

V
g1
and V
g4
are complementary
Sinusoidal PWM
24 May 2013 3
Line-to-Line Voltage v
AB
AB
v
BN
v
AN
v
0
0
0
v
mA
v
B m
v
C m
v
cr
v
cr
V

m
V

d
V
d
V
d
V
t t 2
t e
t e
t e
t e
1 AB
v
1
S
2
S
3
S
5
S
4
S
6
S
B
C
P
N
d
V
A
Sinusoidal PWM
24 May 2013 4
Waveforms and FFT
m
a
= 0.8, m
f
= 15,
f
m
= 60Hz, f
cr
= 900Hz
Switching frequency
f
sw
= f
cr
= 900Hz
0.1
0.2
0
0
0
THD = 92.07%
THD = 92.07%
THD = 7.73%
THD = 92.07%
d
V
3 / 2
d
V
AB
v
AO
v
A
i
2
f
m
1 2
f
m
2 3
f
m 1 4
f
m
n
t 3
t 3 t 2
t 2 t
t
0
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
d
V V
AB
49 . 0
1
=
d n
V V
AB
/
Sinusoidal PWM
24 May 2013 5
Over-Modulation
Fundamental voltage

Low-order harmonics
0
0.1
0.2
0
d
V
t 2 t 3 t
0
1
2
-1
-2
mA
v
mC
v
mB
v
cr
v
AB
v
n
0
A
i
t 2 t 3 t
d
V V
AB
744 . 0
1
=
d n
V V
AB
/
n 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Trapezoidal Modulation
Hard limiting the triangular
waveform,


Modulation index,


angle of flat portion


Lowers LOH.

Fundamental voltage = 1.05V
dc

factor triangular
(max)

=
o
o
r r
V V
1 0 ,
(max)
s s = = M
E
V
E
V
M
r
r
o
t o | ) 1 ( 2 =
Staircase Modulation
Levels of stairs is calculated to
eliminate specific harmonics.

M
f
and no. of steps are chosen to
get desired quality of o/p voltage
fundamental value 0.94V
s
.

Optimized PWM not
recommended for not fewer
than 15pulses in a cycles.
15 2 level
21 3level
27 4 level.

Stepped Modulation
Divided into specific intervals

each interval controlled
individually to control the
magnitude of fundamental
component and eliminate
harmonics.

Low distortion and high
fundamental o/p voltage.
Third Harmonic Injection Method
Third Harmonic Injection Method
Reference waveform fundamental + 3
rd
harmonic
flat topped waveform
reduces amount of overmodulation
higher fundamental o/p voltage
lower distortion.

Presence of exactly the same third-harmonic component in each
phase results,
an effective cancellation of the harmonic component in the neutral
terminal,
Sinusoidal line-to-neutral phase voltages.

Better utilization of dc bus voltage.

Fundamental voltage = 1.15V
dc

60 degree Modulation
Reduce switching losses by
reduced no. of switching in a
period.

State of switch is not change
during,
60 to 120 in first half cycle
240 to 300 in second half cycle
Delta Modulation
Deriving the switching signal
from the comparison of current
error with fixed tolerance band.

Upper band is,


Lower band is,


The band of hysteresis is
maintained constant during all
the period of fundamental.
08-12-2010 12
2 h
ref
i i
ref
i + = +
2 h
ref
i i
ref
i =
Thank You!!!