ELECTRICAL MACHINES I

Unit -I INTRODUCTION

Hans Christian Oersted (1777 1851)

X

1822 In 1820 he showed that a current produces a magnetic field.

Andr-Marie Ampre (1775 1836)

French mathematics professor who only a week after learning of Oersteds discoveries in Sept. 1820 demonstrated that parallel wires carrying currents attract and repel each other. attract

A moving charge of 1 coulomb per second is a current of 1 ampere (amp).

repel

Michael Faraday (1791 1867) Self-taught English chemist and physicist

discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 by which a changing magnetic field induces an electric field.

A capacitance of 1 coulomb per volt is called a farad (F)

Faradays electromagnetic induction ring

Joseph Henry (1797 1878)

American scientist, Princeton University professor, and first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Discovered selfinduction

Built the largest electromagnets of his day

Unit of inductance, L, is the Henry

Magnetic Fields and Circuits

A current i through a coil produces a magnetic flux, f, in webers, Wb.

f B dA
A

f BA
v
+

i
N

B = magnetic flux density in Wb/m2.

B H

H = magnetic field intensity in A/m.

= magnetic permeability
Ampere's Law:

Hl Ni
reluctance

H dl i
F Rf

Magnetomotive force F Ni

Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux, f, in webers, Wb.
i1
i2

Current entering "dots" produce fluxes that add.

v1
-

N1

N2

v2
-

f11 flux in coil 1 produced by current in coil 1

f12 flux in coil 1 produced by current in coil 2

f21 flux in coil 2 produced by current in coil 1

f22 flux in coil 2 produced by current in coil 2

f1 total flux in coil 1 f11 f12
f2 total flux in coil 2 f21 f22

Faraday's Law
i1
i2

v1
-

N1

N2

v2
-

Total flux linking coil 1: 1 N1f1

d 1 df1 N1 Faraday's Law: induced voltage in coil 1 is v1 (t ) dt dt

Sign of induced voltage v1 is such that the current i through an external resistor would be opposite to the current i1 that produces the flux f1.

Example of Lenz's law

Symbol L of inductance from Lenz

Mutual Inductance
i1
i2
+ + -

v1

N1

N2

v2

Faraday's Law
v1 (t ) N1

df1 df df N1 11 N1 12 dt dt dt

In linear range, flux is proportional to current

di1 di2 v1 (t ) L11 L12 dt dt

self-inductance

mutual inductance

Mutual Inductance
i1
i2

v1
-

N1

N2

v2
-

di1 di2 v1 (t ) L11 L12 dt dt di1 di2 v2 (t ) L21 L22 dt dt

v1 (t ) L1

di1 di M 2 dt dt

Linear media
L12 L21 M

di1 di2 v2 (t ) M L2 dt dt
L1 L11

Let

L2 L22

Core losses
Hysteresis losses

Hysteresis losses

Hysteresis losses

Eddy current losses

Eddy current losses

How do we reduce Eddy current losses
SOLID

LAMINATED

Eddy current losses

Eddy current losses in windings

Can be a problem with thick wires - Low voltage machines - High speed machines

Force, torque and power

Universal modeling of terminal characteristic of electro-magnetic devices based on energy balance

Induced EMF
Induced emf could be classified into two types

Dynamically induced EMF.

Statically induced EMF.

Statically induced emf

In statically induced emf, conductor is stationary with respect to the magnetic field. Transformer is an example of statically induced emf. Here the windings are stationary,magnetic field is moving around the conductor and produces the emf.

Statically induced emf

The emf produced in a conductor due to the change in magnetic field is called statically induce emf .It could be classified into two 1)self induced emf and 2)mutual induced emf

Dynamically induced emf

This is the EMF induced due to the motion of conductor in a magnetic field. Mathematically

e = Blv volts
e-induced emf B flux density of magnetic field in Tesla l = length of conductor in meters v- velocity of conductor in m/s

Dynamically induced emf

If the conductor moves in an angle ,the induced emf could be represented as e= Blvsin the direction of induced emf is given by flemmings right hand rule.
Generator is an example of dynamically induced emf.