Channel models for MIMO

Adaptive Antenna Systems

Persa Kyritsi
December 16, 2004
What you are going to learn today:
Fundamentals of MIMO systems
Transmission techniques for MIMO
Channel models for MIMO
(details on 802.11n)
Real MIMO measurements
Power
Capacity
Rate
Why all the hype?
MIMO advantages
Capacity
Range extension
Diversity
Original results derived with iid Rayleigh h
ij

More realistically, we need to characterize
Each link h
ij
Interdependence of links


Why do we need channel models?
Prediction models for site planning
Site specific
Antenna dependent
Accurate
Models for system design and algorithm
testing
Site and antenna independent
Tolerance for lower accuracy
Classification of MIMO channel models
MIMO channel models
Deterministic Stochastic
Recorded
impulse
responses
Ray-tracing
technique
Geometrically
based
Parametric
stochastic
Correlation
based
Non-
physical
Physical
Correlation based models
( ) ( ) ( ) k i l j h h
RX TX kl ij
, , , =
Kronecker assumption:

Separability of transmit and receive correlations
| |
( ) | |
( )
N N
M M
vec
RX
TX
iid RX TX vec
T
T
M
T T
vec
M

=
= =
=
:
:
H H
H H H H
H H H
2 1
2 1
2 1
R
R
R R
H
H

How to calculate the correlations

PAS(0): Power Azimuth Spectrum
(how much energy is arriving from where)
How do the correlations look?
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
}
}

=
=
+ =
t
t
t
t
u u u
u u u

d PAS d k d R
d PAS d k d R
d jR d R d
l XY l
l XX l
XY l XX l
IQ
l
sin
, cos
,
,
, ,
Discussion
Simple & elegant
Experimental validation in some environments and
discrediting in others
Original expression cannot capture the pinhole
effect
Generalization:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1
TX t s r RX
R H R H R H=
MIMO channels: Wideband
Narrowband Wideband
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
l
l
l
l
t t t
t n t t x t y MIMO
t t h t h
t n t t x h t y SISO
=
+ =
=
+ =
o
o
H H
H :
:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

=
=
+ =
=
+ =
1
0
1
0
:
:
L
l
l l
L
l
l l
t t t
t n t x t t y MIMO
t t h t h
t n t x t h t y SISO
o
o
H H
H
A specific example: 802.11n
Develop a MIMO channel model for 802.11
channels
Applicable to
Environments where 802.11 systems are to be
used
Both 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands
Approach
From narrowband to broadband
From SISO to MIMO
MIMO channels: Narrowband
TRANSMITTERS RECEIVERS
1
2
M
1
2
N
y = Hx + n

x
j
: transmitted signal from tx j
y
i
: received signal on rx i
n
i
: noise on rx i

h
ij
: From tx j to rx i (h
ij
C)


h
11
h
12
h
1M
h
21
h
22
h
2M
h
N1
h
N2
h
NM
I R
2
o =
n n
802.11n Channel model
SISO channel models (Medbo 98):
Tap delay line model for various envts

MIMO channel models (Erceg et al 03):
Correlation-based model
Clustering in
Time (Saleh-Valenzuela)
Angle (AoA and AoD)

Additional parameters in 802.11n MIMO
channel models

Local signal statistics (Ricean/ Rayleigh)
Polarization
Doppler spectrum
Power roll-off law


Interdependence of parameters
ds AS
The distribution is always Laplacian
Value selected to match experimental results

d More Rayleigh than Ricean
(LOS for d< d
BP
, NLOS for d>d
BP
)


ds K
Value selected to match experimental results

SISO Channel Models
Model Environment LOS Delay spread
A Office No 50ns
B
Large open
space/ Office
No 100ns
C
Large open
space
No 150ns
D
Large open
space
YES 140ns
E
Large open
space
No 250ns
MIMO Channel Models
Model Environment
Scattering
situation
Delay spread
A Narrowband LOS/NLOS 0ns
B Residential
LOS(K=0)/
NLOS
15ns
C Residential/ Small office
LOS(K=0)/
NLOS
30ns
D (A) Office
LOS(K=3)/
NLOS
50ns
E (B) Large open space/ Office
LOS(K=6)/
NLOS
100ns
F (C) Large open space
LOS(K=6)/
NLOS
150ns
From SISO to MIMO
SISO channel
MIMO channel
0
1 , l

0
3 , l

0
2 , l

1 , l
A
2 , l
A
3 , l
A
(Clustering in time)
(Clustering in time & angle)
From SISO to MIMO
From SISO to MIMO
From SISO to MIMO
From SISO to MIMO
1 , l
A
0
1 , l

0
2 , l

2 , l
A
Tap 4
0
1 , l

0
2 , l

1 , l
A
2 , l
A
Tap 5
Additional parameters (I)
Local signal statistics
(LOS for d< d
BP
, NLOS for d>d
BP
)



Polarization
LOS: 3dB X-pol discrimination
NLOS: 10dB X-pol discrimination

d
BP
Additional parameters (II)
Doppler spectrum
Bell shaped

Possibly:
Spike due to moving vehicle
Effect of fluorescent ligths



2
1
1
) (
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
d
f
f
A
f S
Additional parameters (III)
Power roll-off law
Exponential power roll-off



Log normal distribution
Log normal variance depends on
The distance from the TX
The environment
( )
( )
( )

>
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
<
=
BP
BP
BP FS
BP FS
d d
d
d
d L
d d d L
d L
, log 5 . 3
,
10
Simulation methodology
Define parameters
M, N
Type of environment
Distance from source
For each tap
Calculate R
Tx
and R
RX

Generate independent samples & filter through R
Tx

and R
RX

Add LOS component if there is such
Filter through Doppler filter

Limitations of the model
The model can be used
for any array geometry
Simulation software
free
Angular parameters are
hard-wired (both for
LOS and scattered
components)
Change from LOS to
NLOS is more gradual
The reality