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2/26/2010
WTST 320B
Davis and Larkin (19631, Standing (1964), Witherspoon, et al. (1967) and Kruseman and De Ridder (1970) extended the log-log method for a single linear boundary. They introduced the semilog method for determining the distance to a linear boundary. Loucks and Guerrero (1961) and Bixel and van Poolen (1967) presented type curves for a well centered in a two region radial flow system. Ramey (1970) presented approximate solutions for unsteady liquid flow for a well centered in a radially concentric composite system. The present work concentrates on internal circular boundaries, yet, the same mathematical methods apply also to linear boundary configurations.
LOG-LOG SCALE
For a given period of the test, the change in pressure is plotted on log-log scales versus the elapsed time. A test period is defined as a period of constant flowing conditions (constant flow rate for a drawdown and shut-in period for a build-up test). By comparing the log-log data plot to a set of theoretical curves, the model that best describes the pressure response is defined. Theoretical curves are expressed in dimensionless terms because the pressure responses become independent of the physical parameters magnitude (such as flow rate, fluid or rock properties).
On log-log scales, the shape of the response curve is characteristic. The shape of the global log-log data plot is used for the diagnosis of the interpretation model(s). The dimensionless pressure pD and time tD are linear functions of Ap and At, the coefficients A and B being dependent upon different parameters such as the permeability k.
log pD =log A + log Ap log tD =log B + log At
Equations
Dimensionless Pressure Dimensionless Time
Dimensionless wellbore storage coefficient Gringarten et al. (1979) dimensionless time group
Reference Curves
Wellbore Storage
Liquid Re-injection
Types of Flow
Channelling
Flow Regimes
For many engineering purposes, the actual flow geometry may be represented by one of the following flow geometries: Radial flow Bilinear flow Linear flow Spherical and hemispherical flow
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Radial flow
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Linear flow
Linear flow occurs in some reservoirs with long, highly conductive vertical fractures. Straight line given with p vs t with slope of 1/2
loglog graph of p vs t yields a straight line with slope
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Bilinear flow
It is a new type of flow behavior called bilinear flow because two linear flows occur simultaneously.
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Spherical flow
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Absolute Open Flow Maximum rate of flow qmax, corresponding if the bottom hole pressure opposite the producing face were reduced to zero psia
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Saturated Oil wells & Gas wells PI curve not normally linear for a solution gas drive field because: Increased free gas saturation, lowering Kro
IPR curvature, indicating gas and/ or two-phase flow J decreases with increasing drawdown n; 0.5-1.0 Log-log plot of q vs p2 is a straight line with slope 1/n
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Reservoir pressure above the bubble point but wellbore flowing pressure below the bubble point
IPR of an under-saturated oil well producing at flowing pressure 2/26/2010 WTST 320B below the bubble point
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1970s
Specialized plots
These plots were focused on using a specific flow regime (IARF), to determine well productivity and the main reservoir properties: Effective permeability (keff) Skin factor (S) Conductivity (kh) Pressure drop due to skin (ps) Drainage area/OOIP Time for well bore storage effects to cease, or IARF to start. Wellbore storage coefficient.
Specialized plots
MDH Pressure Drawdown
3800 3700 3600 3500 3400 3300 3200 3100 3000 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Flowing Time (hrs)
Specialized plots
MDH Pressure Buildup 1000
(pi-pwf) (psia)
1 100 cycles
Specialized plots
Oil Well Horner Plot
4550 4500
4450
Pws (psia)
4400
4350
4300
4250
(tp + delt)/delt
Bourdet Derivative
Was introduced to address the many shortcomings of the type curve matching technique, and was at the origin of what is called modern PTA methodology. It is defined as the slope of the superposition semi-log plot displayed on the log-log plot. Considered the single most important breakthrough in the history of PTA.
Bourdet Derivative
Category II
Relies on numerical techniques to achieve a fit. The type curve is num. rep. in the program. The user enters the WT data, and reservoir and production parameters. The WT data is then smoothed using num methods and the derivative curve calculated. The program compares the type curve to the WT data and its derivative. When a match is achieved, the program outputs the reservoir parameters.
dCt p' t Ct p dt
This implies that at early time, when wellbore storage is present, pressure and the Bourdet derivative curves will merge on a unit slope line on the log-log plot.
Derivative is:
d ( At B) p' t At dt
At very large time, p = At + B At. So, when PSS is reached, the pressure response on the log-log plot will tend to a unit slope, while the derivative will reach the unit slope much earlier. In a BU the pressure stabilizes and the derivative plunges towards zero.
References
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Displ ay.cfm?Term=pressuretransient%20analysis http://earthsci.stanford.edu/ERE/research /geoth/publications/techreports/SGP-TR065.pdf Bourdet D. - Handbook of Petroleum Exploration and Production 3, Well Test Analysis, The Use Of Advanced Interpretation Models
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