Chapter 2

1. Define matter. 2. State Particles Theory of Matter 3. State Kinetic Theory of Matter. 4. List 3 types of particles of matter.

T.2.0
1. List the scientist who takes part in producing atomic model. 2. What is mean by proton number? 3. What is mean by nucleon number?

Analysing matter

Synthesising atomic structure

2.1 2.2

Appreciate the orderliness and uniqueness of the atomic structure

2.5

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOMIC

2.4
1. Describe the contribution of scientist toward understanding of the atomic structure. Understanding the electronic structure of an atom

2.3 Understanding isotopes and assessing their importance

1. Name all the shells of a magnesium atom. 2. Proton Number of an atom X is 19. Write the electronic arrangement of the atom X. 3. What is another name for outermost shell?

1. Define isotope. 2. Name the isotopes of iodine.

T.2.1

Matter is made up of very small (tiny) and discrete particles. The Collision of particles is elastics. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Definition of matter

Proof: The diffusion in solid, liquid and gas.

Examples: Particle Theory and Kinetic Theory of matter 1. Diffusion of bromine in air. 2. Diffusion of copper sulphate in water. 3.Diffusion of potassium manganate(VII) crystal in gel

Experiment: Heating Naphthalene

MATTER

Type of matter particles

1.Atom 2.Molecule 3.Ion

States of matter The changing of states of matter GAS Character 1.Particles arrangement 2.Particles Movement

State of matter and comparison between the states of matter Solid Liquid Gas

SOLID

Melting Freezing

LIQUID

vibrating, moving rotating randomly, vibrating, rotating. Low Strong moderate moderate

moving randomly vibrating, rotating. high Weak

3.Particles energy 4.Attractive force

MATTER

Element -An element consist of only one type of atom and particles can be either atoms or molecules.

Compound -A compound is usually make up of two or more element which chemically bonded together

Atom

Molecule

Molecule

Ion
+ - + - + - + + - + -

Oxygen atom Iron, Fe Oxygen gas

Hydrogen Oxygen atom atom Water

Sodium chloride

An atom is the smallest neutral particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction.
A molecule is a neutral particle made up of either atoms of the same element or atoms of different elements. Examples are oxygen, carbon dioxide. An ion is a charged particle which consists of either one or atoms from different elements.

T.2.2

E. Rutherford J.J. Thompson J. Chadwick

Neil's Bohr J. Dalton

History of atomic model Element symbol: Example: H, He, N, Na, Ne etc. Symbol Atomic symbol: Example: A X Z Example: Calculation: n = A-Z Proton number & Nucleon number Subatomic particles

ATOM STRUCTURE
Subatmic particle Proton Neutron Symbol P n

Relative mass 1 1

Relative charge +1 0

Electron

1/1837

-1

Proton number (Z) = Num. Of proton in an atom Nucleon number; A = Number of proton+ Number of neutron.

T.2.3
Element Oxygen Isotope Oxygen-16 Oxygen-17 Oxygen-18 Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 Chlorine-35 Chlorine-37 17 17 18 20 17 17 35 37 37 Cl 17 Number of proton Number of neutron Proton number Z Nucleon number A Atomic symbol

carbon

Chlorine

What is isotope? An atomic of an element that consist of the same proton number but different number of neutron

Exercise What are uses of the isotopes in our daily life?

ISOTOPES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE Medical sector:

E.g.: Isotope of hydrogen Industrial sector: 1 Protium 0 Deuterium Tritium Archeology field: H Science field:

T.2.4
Shell 3; Maximum: 8 electrons Shell 4; Maximum: 8 electrons. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM (for the 1st 20 elements)

Shell 2 ; Maximum; 8 electrons Shell 1; Maximum; 2 electrons

Example

Element

Proton Number Z

No. of electron

Electron arrangement

Figure of electron arrangement

Hydrogen, H
Helium, He Lithium, Li Beryllium, Be Boron, B Carbon, C Nitrogen, N Oxygen, O Fluorine, F Neon, Ne Sodium

1
2 3 4 5 6 2.5 8 3 2.2 2 x x x