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Lithologic and faunal correlation of Lower Cretaceous rocks in northern Sinai, Egypt
c)
Principles of inclusions and cross-cutting relationship: The cutting rock is younger than the one that has been cut
d) Paleomagnetic signature:
Total thickness of the stratigrap hic column Age = Yearly average of the sedimentat ion rate
Thickness of geologic column is averaging: 100 000 to 300 000 mile Rate of sedimentation is averaging: 30 cm/ 100 yrs to 3 cm/ 8000 yrs, so the Earths Age is averaging: 3 myrs to 1.6 byrs
Varved layers (clay and silt) deposit yearly in lakes. Also, organicrich layers deposits also yearly in the oceans. Thus, counting of these layers gives the absolute age of these layers.
Using rate of sedimentation in age dating is not reliable: 1) because the rate of sedimentation is not constant from place to another. There is deposition of sediments in places and while at others the deposition ceases. 2) Erosion
Total amount of salt (g) in ocean Yearly average of salt (g) added to ocean water
When we use the above formula, we should assume that primitive oceans were not salty----Na Cl produced by
c) Temperature: Lord Kelvin (1897) estimated the age of the earth of about 24 to 40 Myrs, based on the assumption that the earth has been gradually cooling down from an original molten conditions.
d- Radioactive isotopes
(Radioactive Chronometer)
This method based on the isotopes of the element. Atom consists of : clouds of electrons Protons neutrons ve charge +ve charge no charge
No. of protons gives the Atomic Number of the element, where as No.
of protons + neutrons gives its Atomic Weight. Example: Hydrogen has only one proton---Thus its mass= 1 Carbon has 6 protons+ 6 neutrons----its mass= 12
In nature Carbon has three isotopes 12C, 13C and 14C. The only
radioactive carbon isotope is Carbon 14. It is generated in upper layers of the atmosphere when neutrons from sun radiations hit nitrogen-14 atoms and transform them to Carbon 14.
Animals and plants in the oceans and on land get their carbon from carbon dioxide in the air. So, when these creatures die is possible to determine the amount of Carbon 14 left in their shells/bodies. C14 half life equals 5730 years.
Some heavy elements such as Uranium, Thorium-232, Rubidium-87, Potassium-40 and Samarium-147are radioactive, emitting radiations.
Half Life= length of time that is required for any unstable elements (isotopes) to be diminished by half.------------How do we know it? See
first this diagram and table in the next slide.
Transforming of 235U (unstable isotope) into 207Pb (stable element) with time (t)
Half life is now known for certain elements see the following table:
Parent Isotope Uranium-238 Uranium-235 Thorium-232 Rubidium-87 Potassium-40 Samarium-147 Stable Daughter Product Lead-206 Lead-207 Lead-208 Strontium-87 Argon-40 Neodymium-143 Half-Life Values 4.5 billion years 704 million years 14.0 billion years 48.8 billion years 1.25 billion years 106 billion years
To know how to determine the half-life of radioactive isotopes, follow the dating by Uranium/Lead Ratio:
The mathematical expression that relates radioactive decay to geologic time is called the age equation and is:
t (age of rock) = 0.050 x 7600 000 000 = 380 000 000 yrs