Cell division II

By Dr Ayesha Saba Naz Senior lecturer; Department of Anatomy BUMD&C

Week 5
Cell division

1. Mitoses 2. Meiosis 3. Significance and difference

Learning objectives

Revise the phases of the cell cycle and mitosis

Understand the different steps of mitoses I and II

Reproduction
The process of sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes Zygote forms as a result, 23 chromosomes donated by each parent (total = 46 or 23 pairs) Contain 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome

Gamates are haploid (haploid number n = 23 in humans)

Reproduction

Fertilization results in zygote with 2 haploid sets

of chromosomes - now diploid.

Most cells in the body are produced by mitosis. Only gametes are produced by meiosis. Hence meiosis is also known as gametogenesis

Meiosis key differences from mitosis

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half

Daughter cells differ from parent, and from each other Meiosis involves two divisions, Mitosis only one

Meiosis

Meiosis 1

: Each chromosome duplicates and remains closely associated. These are called sister chromatids. Crossing-over can occur during the latter part of this stage. Metaphase 1 : Homologous chromosomes align at the equatorial Anaphase 1plate. : Homologous pairs separate with sister Telophase 1remaining together. chromatids : Two daughter cells are formed with each daughter containing only one chromosome of the homologous pair.

Prophase I

Prophase I
Has further substages:
Leptotene

Zygotene
Pachytene Diplotene

Diakinesis

Meiosis I

Synapsis homologous chromosomes pair up. Chiasmata form (crossing over of non-sister chromatids)

In Metaphase I, homologous pairs line up at metaphase plate In Anaphase I, sister chromatids do NOT separate

Overall, separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes, rather than sister chromatids of individual chromosome

The chromosomes become visible in the nuclei

Leptotene

Homologous chromosomes come together

Zygotene

Chromosomes become bivalent

Pachytene

Prophase I
CHIASMATA

Prophase I
Normally extended for 3 weeks in male gametogenesis in humans Oocytes arrest in first meiotic phase from fetal period to maturity.. Could be to 12 years of age to 5 decades!!!!

Metaphase I: Independent assortment

Another Way Meiosis Makes Lots of Different Sex Cells Crossing-Over

Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of different gamete types produced by independent assortment.

Meiosis KM

Meiosis II
Second division of meiosis: Gamete formation Prophase 2: DNA does not replicate.

Metaphase 2: Chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.

Anaphase 2: Centromeres divide and sister chromatids migrate separately to each pole.
Telophase 2: Cell division is complete. Four haploid daughter cells are obtained.

Mitosis vs. meiosis

Meiosis KM

Meiosis KM

Meiosis creates genetic variation

During normal cell growth, mitosis produces daughter cells identical to parent cell (2n to 2n)

Meiosis results in genetic variation by shuffling of maternal and paternal chromosomes and crossing over.
No daughter cells formed during meiosis are genetically identical to either mother or father During sexual reproduction, fusion of the unique haploid gametes produces truly unique offspring.

Revisiting learning objectives

Identify the phases of the cell cycle

Understand the different steps of mitoses I and II