Procedures and techniques of machinery assembly and industrial equipment

Practical Alignment Tools and Techniques

Alignment Tools
The measurements of alignment determine whether components are: Straight Flat Level Plumb Square

Machinists Level

A precision machinists level is the most important tool to have. Only machinists levels, such as the Starrett #98 or better, are acceptable. Carpenters levels or the levels on machinists squares are not accurate enough.

How to use it?

Box Level or Sine Bar

As mentioned above, the more severe deviations from level on a carriage track or bed plate can be detected with a machinists level. For measurements of elevation over long distances the options are: Laser measurement system First order surveyors level or Alignment telescopes Water level (precision)

Alignment Telescope

The alignment telescope and the laser are expensive instruments requiring skilled operators.

Precision Water Level

The precision water level is a long tube with containers at both ends. The elevation of the water in the containers will always be the same.

Balancing
What is it?

Why is it important?

Glosary
Gravity Center Center of Mass

Axis
Main Inertia Axis

Imbalance types
Static imbalance Torque imbalance Dynamic imbalance

Static imbalance
Exists when the center of mass is not on the axis of rotation

Torque imbalance
Exists when the principal axis of inertia is not parallel with the axis of rotation

Dynamic imbalance
Also know as (Unbalance in two planes). Is a vector sum of force and couple unbalance.

Movement of unbalanced parts

How is it?
How does it affect? How can I fix it?

How is it?
Peak displacement is equal to the eccentric center of mass.

How does it affect?

Wear Heat Vibration

How can I fix it?

Balancers:
Static
Free pivot Restricted pivot

Dinamyc
Soft Suspension Hard Suspension

Dynamic balance

Aplication of balancing of and their use

Basic concepts

The unbalance Center of rotation Center of gravity

Dynamic balance

Centrifugal force

Mathematical concept
U=m*r Where m= unbalanced mass r= distance of the unbalanced mass

unbalance

Centrifugal force

Types of unbalance

Static unbalance

Unbalance pair

Unbalanced pair

Dynamic unbalance

Phase

To understand the phase

The phase show us the movement direction

Rotors rigids balance

Original unbalance

Unbalance Caused

Unbalance Quantified Mass is related with amplitude Vr=Vo+Vp Mr=Mo+Mp

Vibrational pattern of unbalance

instrumentation

Practical examples

Positions for balancing counterweights