DIGITAL MODULATION

S.Maya Lecturer ,RTTC,TVM

Basic Concepts
A communication system has mainly 3 entities 1.Information(BaseBand) 2.Medium 3.Carrier

Basic Concepts
Transmitting information To transmit a signal over the air, there are three main steps: 1. A pure carrier is generated at the transmitter. 2. The carrier is modulated with the information to be transmitted. Any reliably detectable change in signal characteristics can carry information. 3. At the receiver the signal modifications or changes are detected and demodulated.

Basic Concepts
Modulation: The process which places the signal information on to sinewave carriers. Definition The process by which some characteristics of the carrier,ie(amplitude/frequency/phase) is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. Modulation may be 1. Analog Modulation 2. Digital Modulation

Basic Concepts
Digital Modulation techniques translates the baseband into a form suitable for transmission through the medium.

Basic Concepts
The basic form of 3 different digital modulation methods used for transmitting digital signals methods are: Amplitude Shift Keying Frequency Shift Keying Phase Shift Keying

Digital Modulation methods

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) The amplitude of the carrier is varied in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating signal
modulator

Base band carrier

Modulated output

ASK

Digital Modulation methods

Frequency Shift Keying Frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating signal and the carrier amplitude remains constant.
FSK

BB
F1

MOD

F2

FSK

Digital Modulation methods

PHASE SHIFT KEYING The phase of the carrier is varied in accordance with the information. PSK is divided into two level and multilevel systems (M-ary schemes).

PSK

Digital Modulation methods

PSK

PSK Generalities--Symbols Bits & Bauds

Bit Refers to the unit of information. Bit rate is the frequency of a system bit stream.
Symbol Refers to the unit of transmission energy. --Representation of bits that the medium transmits to convey information. -- A symbol can contain one or more bits Bits are transmitted in the form of Symbols.
Symbol rate = bit rate the number of bits transmitted with each symbol

Baud Rate of change of symbols is known as Baud Rate.

PSK Generalities--Symbols Bits & Bauds

Nyquist Relationship between Bandwidth &Baud Rate
BAUD RATE = 2 X Bandwidth The rate of data transfer prior to ISI must be less than or equal to twice the bandwidth in Hertz

PSK Generalities--Symbols Bits & Bauds

Nyquist Theorem on Minimum Bandwidth
States that it is possible to transmit channel having

fs

independent symbols in a

Nyquist Bandwidth (B) = Symbol Rate/2

Reduction of the BW is achieved by the shaping of the pulses for transmission.

Digital Modulation methods

Polar Representation of Carrier
The carrier becomes a frequency and phase reference The signal is interpreted relative to the carrier. The signal can be expressed in polar form as a magnitude and a phase. The phase is relative to a reference signal, ie the carrier in most communication systems. The magnitude is either an absolute or relative value

phase

Digital Modulation methods

I/Q Formats of Represenation of Carrier
In digital modulation ,the modulation is often expressed in terms of I & Q. This is the rectangular representation of the polar diagram. On the polar diagram I axis lies on the zero degree phase reference and the Q axis is rotated by 90 degrees.

Digital Modulation methods

The signal vector projection on the I axis is called I component and that on the Q axis is called the Q component.

Digital Modulation methods

The different schemes discussed are QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) OQPSK(Offset Quadrature Phase ShiftKeying)
MSK(Minimum Shift Keying) GMSK(Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying)

Digital Modulation methods

QPSK
The modulated output signal is shifted by four phases in accordance with the input binary data. QPSK requires two input bits for each phase shift.ie each symbol carries 2 bits. Therefore symbol rate in QPSK=Bitrate/2 In QPSK, four different phasors are represented by 45deg, 135deg, -45deg & +135 deg. When the input dibit changes from 00 to 11 or 01 to 10 output phase changes by 180 degrees

QPSK

Digital Modulation methods

Binary Input

QPSK o/p phase -135 -45 +135 +45

I 0 0 +/4 +3/4 -/4 -3/4 1 1

Q 0 1 0 1

Digital Modulation methods

Digital Modulation methods

OQPSK(Offset QPSK) A variant of QPSK The bit wave forms for the I and Q channels are offset or shifted in phase from each other by one half of the bit time. The range of phase transitions is 0 degree & 90 degrees (the possibility of phase shift of 180 degrees is eliminated)

Digital Modulation methods

Digital Modulation methods

When OQPSK undergoes Bandlimiting,the resulting ISI causes the envelope to droop slightly at the region of =/-90 degrees phase transitions.

Digital Modulation methods

When signal phase changes abruptly,high frequency components are produced.thus necessitating a wide Band width for transmission.

Digital Modulation methods

GSM has to be efficient with the available Bandwidth.therefore the modulation scheme used is GMSK(Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying)

Digital Modulation methods

Minimum Shift Keying MSK is a variant of OQPSK The rectangular symbol pulse is replaced by a half cycle sinusoidal symbol pulse. MSK provides a constant envelope signal which has its phase continous at all times including the interbit switching times.

Digital Modulation methods

Minimum Shift Keying
In MSK, also the phase shifts can be detected with an I or Q modulator. At even numbered symbols, the polarity of I channel conveys the transmitted data and at odd numbered symbols the polarity of Q channel conveys the data. A phase shift of + 90 degrees represents a data bit equal to 1 and a phase shift of 90 degrees represents a data bit equal to zero.

Digital Modulation methods

GMSK(Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying) MSK with a gaussian filter is termed as GMSK With GMSK, the phase change which represents the change from a digital 1 or 0 does not occur instantaneously but occurs over a period of time. In GMSK, the digital signal is first passed through a gaussian filter and the filter generates a signal which is used to shift the carrier phase. The phase change is not instantaneous but spread out.

Digital Modulation methods

GMSK Modulator
Gaussian BB 270.8kb/s Filter
GAUSSIAN FILTER

PHASE PHASE MOD MOD

GMSK

carrier

Digital Modulation methods

Advantages of GMSK
In GMSK bandwidth required is further reduced by passing the modulating waveform through a Gaussian filter. The Gaussian filter minimizes the instantaneous frequency variations over time. GMSK is a spectrally efficient modulation scheme and is particularly useful in mobile radio systems. It has a constant envelope, spectral efficiency, good BER performance,

Digital Modulation methods

GMSK

Digital Modulation methods

Bandwidth Considerations in GMSK Bandwidth= B x T where B is the Bw of Gaussian filter and T is the Bit period. In GSM , BT =0.3 with channel datarate of 270.8 kb/s.

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