Chapter 12 Preview

Chemical Bonding

Section 1 Electrons and Chemical Bonding Section 2 Ionic Bonds Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Concept Mapping

Chapter 12 Bellringer

Section 1 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

The following are some very common chemical formulas. C6H12O6 C2H5OH C6H8O6 C6H8O7 Identify the elements in these compounds and predict whether the compounds are similar to each other and why. Record your answers in your science journal.

Chapter 12 Objectives

Section 1 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

Describe chemical bonding. Identify the number of valence electrons in an atom. Predict whether an atom is likely to form bonds.

Chapter 12

Section 1 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

Combining Atoms Through Chemical Bonding

Chemical bonding is the joining of atoms to form new substances. An interaction that holds two atoms together is called a chemical bond. When chemical bonds form, electrons are shared, gained, or lost.

Chapter 12

Section 1 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

Combining Atoms Through Chemical Bonding, continued

Discussing Bonding Using Theories and Models We cannot see atoms and chemical bonds with the unaided eye. So, the use of models helps people discuss the theory of how and why atoms form bonds.

Chapter 12

Section 1 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

Electron Number and Organization

The number of electrons in an atom can be determined from the atomic number of the element. Electrons in an atom are organized in energy levels.

The next slide shows a model of the arrangement of electron in an atom. This model and models like it are useful for counting electrons, but do not show the true structure of an atom.

Chapter 12

Section 1 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

Chapter 12

Section 1 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

Electron Number and Organization, continued

Outer-Level Electrons and Bonding Most atoms form bonds using only its valence electrons, the electrons in an atoms outermost energy level.

Chapter 12

Section 1 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

Electron Number and Organization, continued

Valence Electrons and the Periodic Table You can use the periodic table to determine the number of valence electrons for atoms of some elements, as shown on the next slide.

Chapter 12

Section 1 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

Chapter 12

Section 1 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

To Bond or Not to Bond

The number of electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom determine whether an atom will form bonds. Atoms that have 8 electrons in their outermost energy level do not usually form bonds. The outermost energy level is considered to be full if it contains 8 electrons.

Chapter 12

Section 1 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

To Bond or Not to Bond, continued

Filling the Outermost Level An atom that has fewer than 8 valence electrons is more likely to form bonds than an atom that has 8 valence electrons is. Atoms bond by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to have a filled outermost energy level.

Chapter 12

Section 1 Electrons and Chemical Bonding

To Bond or Not to Bond, continued

Is Two Electrons a Full Set? Not all atoms need 8 valence electrons to have a filled outermost energy level. Helium atoms need only 2 valence electrons because the outermost level is the first energy level.

Atoms of hydrogen and lithium form bonds by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to achieve 2 electrons in the first energy level.

Chapter 12 Bellringer

Section 2 Ionic Bonds

Historically, salt has had many uses beyond just a spice you put in your soup. Salts are ionic compounds. Brainstorm some uses for salts, things that contain salts, or words and phrases containing the term salt. Where do you think salt comes from? Write your answers in your science journal.

Chapter 12 Objectives

Section 2 Ionic Bonds

Explain how ionic bonds form. Describe how positive ions form. Describe how negative ions form. Explain why ionic compounds are neutral.

Chapter 12

Section 2 Ionic Bonds

Forming Ionic Bonds

An ionic bond is a bond that forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom. Charged Particles An atom is neutral because the number of electrons in an atom equals the number of protons. So, the charges cancel each other out. But when an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes a charged particle called an ion.

Chapter 12

Section 2 Ionic Bonds

Forming Positive Ions

Metal Atoms and the Loss of Electrons Atoms of most metals have few valence electrons and tend to lose these valence electrons and form positive ions. The Energy Needed to Lose Electrons Energy is needed to pull electrons away from atoms. The energy needed comes from the formation of negative ions.

Chapter 12

Section 2 Ionic Bonds

Forming Negative Ions

Nonmetal Atoms Gain Electrons The outer energy level of nonmetal atoms is almost full. So, nonmetal atoms tend to gain electrons and become negative ions. The Energy of Gaining Electrons Energy is given off when nonmetals gain electrons. An ionic bond will form between a metal and a nonmetal if the nonmetal releases more energy than is needed to take electrons from the metal.

Chapter 12

Section 2 Ionic Bonds

Chapter 12

Section 2 Ionic Bonds

Ionic Compounds
When ionic bonds form, the number of electrons lost by the metal atoms equals the number gained by the nonmetal atoms. The ions that bond are charged, but the compound formed is neutral because the charges of the ions cancel each other.

Chapter 12

Section 2 Ionic Bonds

Ionic Compounds, continued

When ions bond, they form a repeating threedimensional pattern called a crystal lattice, such as the one shown below. Properties of ionic compounds include brittleness, high melting points, high boiling points, and increase electrical conductivity when dissolved in water solutions.

Chapter 12 Bellringer

Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Brainstorm a list of things made of metal. Record your list in your science journal. Describe three properties of metals based on your list. The use of metal has been key to human technological development. List the types of metal that you use in your everyday life and how you use them. What are the properties of metal that make it useful? What are some of the drawbacks of using metal?

Chapter 12 Objectives

Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Explain how covalent bonds form. Describe molecules. Explain how metallic bonds form. Describe the properties of metals.

Chapter 12

Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Substances that have covalent bonds tend to have low melting and boiling points and are brittle in the solid state. Covalent bonds usually form between atoms of nonmetals, such as the atoms shown on the next slide.

Chapter 12

Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Chapter 12

Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Covalent Bonds, continued

Covalent Bonds and Molecules Substances containing covalent bonds consist of particles called molecules. A molecule usually consists of two or more atoms joined in a definite ratio.

The models on the next slide show two ways to represent the covalent bonds in a water molecule.

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Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Chapter 12

Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Covalent Bonds, continued

One way to represent atoms and molecules is to use electron-dot diagrams. An electron-dot diagram shows only the valence electrons in an atom.

Chapter 12

Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Covalent Compounds and Molecules

A molecule is the smallest particle into which a covalently bonded compound can be divided and still be the same compound. The Simplest Molecules are made up of two bonded atoms. Molecules made up of two atoms of the same element are called diatomic molecules.

Chapter 12

Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Covalent Compounds and Molecules, continued

More-Complex Molecules Carbon atoms are the basis of many complex molecules. Each carbon atom can form four covalent bonds. These bonds can be with atoms of other elements or with other carbon atoms, as shown at right.

Chapter 12 Metallic Bonds

Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

A metallic bond is a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons in the metal. Movement of Electrons Throughout a Metal Bonding in metals is a result of the metal atoms being so close to one another that their outermost energy levels overlap. This overlapping allows valence electrons to move throughout the metal.

Chapter 12

Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Metallic Bonding
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Chapter 12

Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Properties of Metals
Conducting Electric Current Metallic bonding allows metals to conduct electric current. Electric current is conducted when valence electrons move within a metal. These electrons are free to move because the electrons are not connected to any one atom.

Chapter 12

Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Properties of Metals, continued

Reshaping Metals Because the electrons swim freely around the metal ions, atoms in metals can be rearranged. The properties of ductility and malleability describe a metals ability to be reshaped.

Ductility is the ability to be draw in to wires.

Malleability is the ability to be hammered into sheets.

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Section 3 Covalent and Metallic Bonds

Properties of Metals, continued

Bending Without Breaking When a piece of metal is bent, some of the metal ions are forced closer together. But the metal does not break because the positive metal ions are always surround by and attracted to the electrons in the metal.

Chapter 12

Chemical Bonding

Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. covalent bonds ions molecules electrons metallic bonds chemical bonds

Chapter 12

Chemical Bonding

Chapter 12

Chemical Bonding