Field Measurements & Propagation Model Tuning

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com
Field Measurements
& Propagation Model Tuning
David Pearson (Business Development Director)
Jorry Janssen (General Manager Benelux)
Martin Wright (Technical Project Leader)
26th September 2001
Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001
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Agenda
CDS Introduction
Field Measurements and Propagation Model Tuning
Other UMTS Services
Requirements
CDS Introduction
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Offices in The UK, The Netherlands, Belgium and recently the

USA
140 Staff
Radio, Acquisition, Design and Build (Turnkey) R&D
GSM, UMTS, DVB, TETRA
In-Building solutions, Benchmarking, Roaming, Noise rise, Model
Tuning, CW, LOS
Consultancy (Engineers and Training)
Independent
Proven track record
Approved suppliers to:- Ericsson, Siemens, Nortel, Logica,
Clients include:- BTCellnet, One2One, KPN, Telfort, KPN
Orange, Hutchison 3G, Telering Austria
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Field Measurements
& Propagation Model Tuning
Background
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CDS have extensive experience in providing high accuracy

measurement data for purposes of Model calibration.
Clients include UK & European Network Operators, equipment
vendors and planning tool providers.
Single Technology, Dual Technology & Multi- technology
surveys.
GSM900/1800, UMTS, TETRA, Digital Broadcast.
Proven methodologies and strict quality control procedures

Consultancy services to assist in all aspects of propagation
modelling: Tuning client propagation model coefficients, suggest
empirical and/or physical models, field measurement
methodologies.
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Overview
Requirements & Scope Of Tests

Calibration
Measurement Data Collection & Processing
Sample Data
Model Tuning Process
Conclusions
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Requirements & Scope Of Tests
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Motivation
All cell planning based on propagation models

Accuracy of models has big impact on quality of planning
Most models are empirical
i.e. based on measurements
Need accurate measurements!
Tuned model leads to increased accuracy, translates to
potentially fewer sites.
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Scope Of Tests
How many sites to test, how much data?

Depends on many factors, including number of clutter models to
calibrate.
Typical Model Categories:
Dense Urban (8 Sites)
Suburban (8 Sites)
Rural/Mountainous (8 Sites)
Special (Forest/Water) (2 Sites)
Suggested minimum of 7-8 sites per category, have to allow
two-thirds for tuning, with remaining third for verification.
Test duration typically 1 to 2 days per site.
Choice of Routes
Drive Route Configuration
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Furthest location at minimum useful signal level (15dB above receiver noise floor)
2 km
1
3 x
750m
Area 1 > 4-8 Radial Streets and 4-8

tangential streets at different distances
from the BS where available
Area 2 > N% Streets.
Area 3 > None,but test road into & out
of site
X = Test Transmit Location
Note: Routes should be chosen to cover a wide range of clutter types

Routes should repeat a short section at beginning and end of test to ensure
repeatability
10
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Calibration
11
Equipment Calibration
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Strong emphasis - key to ensuring reliability of collected data.

Several levels:
ISO9002 - All equipment subject to periodic calibration to
manufacturers specification (6-12 month intervals)
Signal Injection - Receivers subject to bench tests prior to
campaign, concentrate on allocated test frequencies.
LOS Calibration - System calibration on test range start & end
plus interim at monthly intervals.
Antenna tests - In addition to periodic checks, VSWR and

reflected power readings taken at start and end of each survey.
12
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Link Budget Calculations
P R PT LT GT L G R LR
13
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LOS Calibration
Advantage that factors combined into a single direct measurement, thus reducing measurement
uncertainty.
Open air test range measurements
Monthly interim calibrations
Campaign start & end calibrations
14
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Measurement Data Collection &

Processing
15
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Establishing Transmit Sites

Transmitters warmed up into loads (45mins)
Detailed site sketches, panoramic and site photographs
Survey completion form details all equipment, power levels & any
engineer notes
Max/min power monitoring
GPS Site location
Any obstructions and clutter
are noted
Typically 50-52dBm EIRP
Un-modulated CW
transmission
16
Conducting Drive Tests
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Initial interference test on approach to site to confirm no

significant activity on proposed test channels
Two man teams engineer and assistant
Constant monitoring of survey data
Final route at discretion of survey engineer
aim to meet survey objectives within allotted
timescale.
17
Measurement Equipment
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Transmit
Tx Antenna:
Transmitter:
Feeder:
Power Meter:
Omni Directional Kathrein OMNI 2000 741790 (11 dBi)

LMW ST24 Field portable ruggedised 20w transmitter.
Sucoflex waterproof armoured test feeders
SF104PEA/NM
Digital Bird Thruline directional Wattmeter (Bird 5000)
Receive
Receiver:
Watkins Johnson 8607 Miniceptor
Receive Band: 20-3000MHz
IF Bandwidth:
25kHz
Dynamic Range: -20 to -125dBm (Approx)
Scan Rate:
150 samples/second (Approx.)
Basic Accuracy: +-1dB Typical
Receive Antenna:
Panorama UMTS ( 0dBd)
Note; Several receivers types are available, this represents a typical specification.
18
Fast Fading vs Slow Fading

Slow fading follows log normal distribution and reflects variations in
terrain height and slope, giving useful information necessary to calculate
local mean values.
Fast, or Rayleigh, Fading is non deterministic, caused by multi-path,is
not as useful and should be filtered out from collected data.
25
Lee suggests gathering 36 samples over

40 lambda (Approx 6m at 2GHz), to
properly filter out the effects of fast fading
whilst preserving variations due to terrain.
Signal level relative to median [dB]
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Sampling Rates
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Distance [m]
19
Data Processing & Deliverables
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Data processed into ASCII tab delimited file formats suitable for
loading directly into planning tool ( Odyssey lon-lat format, )
All information delivered in an electronic report format
Self contained dataset, all information needed to use the
measurement data, included electronically.
Delivered in indexed web based HTML format, for ease of
access. Viewed with any internet browser.
Cumulative datasets, reports issued weekly on CD, with final
report containing all data for whole measurement campaign.
Option of setting up secure web access to allow direct remote
retrieval of survey reports.
20
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Sample Electronic Report
21
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Propagation Model Tuning
22
Model Tuning Consultancy
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Senior staff at CDS have extensive experience of radiowave

propagation models and measurements.
Offer consultancy service to determine optimised values for
model co-efficients, for chosen propagation model for all clutter
types.
CDS are Independent of planning tool vendors.
Two thirds of the available data for each clutter type is used to
tune the model, with the remaining third reserved for verification
purposes.
Optimised and Unoptimised mean and standard deviation of
error plus correlation coefficients will be provided.
23
Propagation Model Calibration
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High precision CW
measurements in different
clutter types
Dense drive routes
Provides accurate
measurement data for
model optimisation
Must be accurate: 1dB error
corresponds to around 10%
more sites!
Processing matched to
intended terrain and clutter
databases (N.B. 40 = 6m @
2GHz)
24
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Power Law Model
PR 1 k
n
PT L r
In decibels:
n and k depend on:
Frequency
Environment
Antenna Heights
Very Roughly:
Path Loss Exponent - n
L 10n log r K
PR 1
k
PT L
2
hm hb
4 2
r fc
25
Okumura-Hata Model
LdB = A + B log d km - E ;
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LdB
LdB
Urban
= A + B log d km - C;
Suburban
= A + B log d km - D; Open
A = 6955
. + 2616
. log f MHz - 1382
. log hb ;
B = 449
. - 6.55log hb ;
2
C = 2 (log( f MHz / 28)) + 5.4;

2
D = 4.78( log f MHz ) + 1833

. log f MHz + 4094
. ;
2
E = 32
. (log(1175
. hm)) - 4.97; for largecities, f MHz 300MHz
2
E = 8.29 (log(1.54 hm)) - 1.1; for largecities, f MHz < 300MHz

E = (11
. log f MHc - 0.7)hm - (156
. log f MHz - 0.8); for medium/smallcities
150 MHz < fMHz<1500MHz, 30m < hb<200m and d>1km

Based on Tokyo Measurements. Widely Used.
26
Model Tuning
Process
C W D a ta
P r e d ic tio n
M odel
Yes
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Is F ilt e r in g
N e c e s s a ry ?
P e rfo rm
A p p r o p r ia te
F ilt e r in g
N o
Change M odel
P a r a m e te r
D ocum ent
C hange
Analyse
Performance
U s e 'C W
M e a s u re m e n ts ...'
A n a ly s is T o o ls
N o
A n a ly s e R e s u lt s
E rro r
S a t is f a c t o r ily
Low?
Yes
G o to N e x t
P a r a m e te r
27
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Reveal Plot
28
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Reveal Function
29
File Formats
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File
Summary
Overall
Summary
Clutter
Summary
Bin
Information
30
6000
4000
3000
4152
2838
2838
2461
1581
2000
1000
5008
4956
5000
B ins
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Distribution of Measurements with Clutter Type
365
37
Clutter Type
31
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32
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Tuning Performance
Model
Mean
Error
RMS
Error
Standard
Deviation
Calibrated
8.4
8.4
Non-calibrated
-0.6
10.8
10.8
33
Final Result
6000
5000
4000
Number of Bins
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Model Error Distribution
3000
2000
1000
0
-48 -44 -40 -36 -32 -28 -24 -20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
-1000
Error (dB)
Calibrated
Non-Calibrated
34
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Conclusions
Model tuning produces more accurate propagation models

Only data of the highest integrity should be used to conduct
model tuning
Every 1dB error in measurements produces about 6% changes
in cell radius, or 10% change in number of cell sites
CDS have extensive experience in both the collection of suitable
measurement data and associated survey information, and the
process of tuning propagation models
35
And Finally..
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Cautions:
A propagation model is only as good as...
The theory behind it: Requires knowledge of statistics and
propagation
The results interpreted from it : Requires a knowledge of
propagation and probability
The user who uses it : requires a knowledge of model
limitations.
Remember: Anyone can get information out of a planning tool the question is how valid is the information obtained!!!
36
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Other UMTS Services
37
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Pre-Build UMTS Optimisation
Simultaneous measurement of multiple CW transmitters

Fast scanning receivers
High dynamic range measurements
Analyse data to provide measurement-based performance
analysis
Determine incremental coverage and capacity contribution from
each site
Ensures ALL sites perform a useful role
Reduces risk and enhances value of each site
Set appropriate site parameters at build
Minimises post-build rework costs
Can translate to a doubling of capacity
38
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Post-Build UMTS Optimisation

Monitor installed and operational UMTS sites
Requires use of code scanning receivers
Direct measurement of Ec/Io and delay spread
Reduced dynamic range and sampling accuracy
Provides same optimisation opportunities as the pre-build testing,
plus direct acceptance testing of site installation
Can be combined with pre-build service
Forms a hybrid
Evaluates potential of new sites with existing sites
Ultimately use test mobiles as well:
User-centred network performance
39
In-building Measurements
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CW and code scanner measurements of in-building penetration and

prospective antenna locations
Acts as input for measurement-based solution design for high
capacity in-building coverage (replaces conventional planning
process)
System
Solution
with
Required
QoS
40
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In-building Environment
Models available
Problem:
Long data input
process
Very dependent on
interior geometry
Highly variable in both
space and time
Inadequate confidence
even for 2G designs
41
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Questions
42

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www.cdseurope.

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Offices in The UK, The Netherlands, Belgium and recently the

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

CDS have extensive experience in providing high accuracy

GSM900/1800, UMTS, TETRA, Digital Broadcast.

Proven methodologies and strict quality control procedures

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Requirements & Scope Of Tests

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Requirements & Scope Of Tests

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

All cell planning based on propagation models

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

How many sites to test, how much data?

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Area 1 > 4-8 Radial Streets and 4-8

Note: Routes should be chosen to cover a wide range of clutter types

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Strong emphasis - key to ensuring reliability of collected data.

Antenna tests - In addition to periodic checks, VSWR and

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Link Budget Calculations

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Measurement Data Collection &

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Establishing Transmit Sites

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Conducting Drive Tests

Initial interference test on approach to site to confirm no

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Omni Directional Kathrein OMNI 2000 741790 (11 dBi)

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Fast Fading vs Slow Fading

Lee suggests gathering 36 samples over

Signal level relative to median [dB]

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Data Processing & Deliverables

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Sample Electronic Report

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Propagation Model Tuning

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Model Tuning Consultancy

Senior staff at CDS have extensive experience of radiowave

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Propagation Model Calibration

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Power Law Model

Path Loss Exponent - n

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

C = 2 (log( f MHz / 28)) + 5.4;

D = 4.78( log f MHz ) + 1833

E = 8.29 (log(1.54 hm)) - 1.1; for largecities, f MHz < 300MHz

150 MHz < fMHz<1500MHz, 30m < hb<200m and d>1km

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001

Distribution of Measurements with Clutter Type

Cellular Design Services Ltd., 2001