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OBESITY TREATMENT: THE CUTTING EDGE

Holly Wyatt, M.D. Associate Professor of Medicine

Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes


Associate Director Anschutz Health and Wellness Center

DISCLOSURE SUMMARY
Dr. Wyatt has served as an advisor for Orexigen Pharmaceuticals, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Wellspring Camps, Retrofit Inc. and Eisai Inc.
She receives royalties from Up to Date and has received grant funding from the NIH, Orexigen, Norvo Nordisk and GI Dynamics. She has ownership interests in Active Planet LLC and has co-ownership on a patent for a weight loss maintenance strategy.

GAME PLAN
Current Treatment Guidelines Advances in Diet Advances in PA

New Medications
Surgery

New Areas- ahead of the curve

CURRENT APPROACH TO OBESITY TREATMENT


TREATMENT OPTIONS

Current Patient Risk LOW


25-26.9
Potential Treatment Risk LOW

+ +

Patient Risk HIGH


35-39.9 >40

BMI Range Diet, Exercise and Behavioral Therapy

27-29.9

30-34.9

Pharmacotherapy
Treatment Risk HIGH

+ with a comorbidity

+ with a comorbidity Wyatt HR . Accepted for Publication JCEM 2013.

Surgery

NEW OBESITY GUIDELINES IN 2013


The NHLBI has announced that new Guidelines for Obesity, Hypertension and Lipids will be released jointly in 2013 Guidelines for Lifestyle and for Risk Assessment will be released concomitantly. These new treatment guidelines will replace the older 1998 Guidelines and provide evidenced based approaches for obesity treatment for the practicing clinician.

TREATMENT GAP

HOW SHOULD WE THINK ABOUT OBESITY TREATMENT?


Acute Weight Loss Strategy Chronic Weight Loss Strategy Weight Loss Strategy 1 4-6 months
Transition Strategy 1.5

Weight Maintenance Strategy 2 Years/Forever?

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WEIGHT LOSS AND WEIGHT LOSS MAINTENANCE


Weight Loss
Time limited Physiological State: negative energy balance; obligatory decreased RQ; negative fat balance; burn more fat as fuel Best Strategy for Success: Reduced caloric intake Physical activity not required for success Macronutrient composition of diet not as important Common Relatively easy Multiple strategies have success Exciting!

Maintenance of Weight Loss


Life-long Physiological State: energy balance at a reduced body weight; RQ=FQ; need to be in fat balance; burn less fat as fuel Best Strategy for Success: Physical activity required for success Macronutrient composition of the Diet is more important (ie. Fat balance is important) Rare Harder/More elusive Less strategies? Longer-term health risk becomes an issue Boring!

WHAT IS THE BEST APPROACH FOR WEIGHT LOSS AND WEIGHT LOSS MAINTENANCE?

Importance to Success

Increased Activity Diet Restriction

Over Time
Slide Source: James Hill and Holly Wyatt

DIETS DONT WORK? OR DO THEY ?

WHAT IS THE BEST DIET FOR WEIGHT LOSS?

WHAT IS THE BEST MACRONUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF A DIET FOR WEIGHT LOSS?


Wadden et al presented a comprehensive review highlighting the randomized, controlled trials that have compared diets with varying macronutrient composition No single diet emerged as a clear winner despite a very robust number of clinical studies in this area TAKE AWAY: Impact of the caloric restriction that a diet produces outweighs the impact of the macronutrient composition of the calories consumed in that diet

Wadden TA, Webb VL, Moran CH, Bailer BA 2012 Lifestyle modification for obesity: new developments in diet, physical activity, and behavior therapy. Circulation 125:1157-1170

COMPARISON OF WEIGHT LOSS DIETS WITH DIFFERENT COMPOSITIONS OF CARBOHYDRATE/ PROTEIN/ FAT (N=811)

Sacks FS et al. NEJM. 2009;360(9):859-873.

WHAT DOES PREDICT DIETARY WEIGHT LOSS SUCCESS?

IT IS NOT WHAT YOU EAT BUT HOW LONG YOU CAN EAT IT

Dansinger, M. L. et al. JAMA 2005;293:43-53

SELF-REPORTED DIETARY ADHERENCE DECLINES RAPIDLY

Dansinger, M. L. et al. JAMA 2005;293:43-53.


Copyright restrictions may apply.

WHAT ARE THE BEST STRATEGIES TO MAXIMIZE WEIGHT LOSS ?


Your physiology and environment can be overpowered by cognitive eating control strategies (diets) There are many diet strategies to reduce calories short-term Caloric restriction trumps macronutrient composition Adherence is the key Matching individuals to the best diet Should the goal be too get off as much weight as possible?

HOW MUCH PA DO WE PRESCRIBE TO PREVENT WEIGT REGAIN?


The data consistently shows that for the majority of patients 60 minutes of moderate intensity activity most days of the week is an amount required to prevent or mitigate weight loss regain. A recent review of randomized trials and observational data by Donnelly et al in 2009 highlighted and confirmed this PA rec This high level of PA is also supported by self-reports and objective measures of individuals in the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR)

As well as a recent prospective analysis in the Nurses Health Study published in 2010
Donnelly JE et al. 2009. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 41:459-471 Mekary RA et al. 2010. Obesity 18:167-174

WE DO KNOW A LOT ABOUT WHAT WILL WORK ! BUT HOW DO WE GET OUR PEOPLE TO DO IT ?

MOST EXCITING RECENT ADVANCES IN OBESITY TREATMENT IN 2013 ARE IN DRUG THERAPY

PREVIOUSLY AVAILABLE PHARMACOTHERAPIES


Agent Mechanism Approval
PHENTERMINE Central Noradrenergic Short-term use Class IV ORLISTAT Peripheral Pancreatic lipase inhibitor Long-term use Not scheduled

Cost

$
Restlessness Insomnia ? Increase in pulse ? Increase in blood pressure

$$
GI symptoms including oily spotting, flatus with discharge, fecal urgency, fatty/oily stool, and others less frequently Increase in urinary oxalate

Common Adverse Effects

Phentermine Prescribing Information, 2011. Orlistat Prescribing Information, 2009.

RECENTLY EVALUATED OR APPROVED PHARMACOTHERAPY


Obesity Drug Trade Name Belviq Mechanism Proposed Dosage Phase 3 Clinical Trials BLOSSOM BLOOM BLOOM- DM Average Expected % Weight Loss Drug:5-6% Placebo:2-3 % Most Common Adverse Events Headache Nausea Dizziness Fatigue Safety Concern Raised by the FDA Carcinogenicity Valvulopathy Cardiovascular risk Lorcaserin Selective Serotonergic 2C receptor agonist 10 mg po BID

Phentermine/ Topiramate

Qsymia

Sympathomimetic amine and anticonvulsant agent

Low:3.75mg/23mg Mid:7.5 mg/46mg High:15mg/92mg po q day

EQUATE EQUIP CONQUER SEQUEL

Drug:5-11% Placebo:1-2%

Headache Paresthesia Dry Mouth Altered taste Dizziness

Depression Cognitive Issues Cardiovascular Risk from increased heart rate Birth Defects

Bupropion SR/Naltrexone SR

Contrave

Dopamine and Sustained release 360 norepinephrine mg/ 32mg reuptake inhibitor and po q day opioid receptor antagonist

COR I COR-II COR-BMOD COR-Diabetes

Drug:5-6% Placebo:1-2%

Nausea Headache Insomnia Constipation Tremor

Cardiovascular risk from increased blood pressure and heart rate

Wyatt HR . Accepted for Publication JCEM 2013

LORCASERIN
Selective serotonin 2C receptor agonist that works by decreasing food intake. Mechanism of action is similar to fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine except it is specific for the 2C serotonin receptor that is not found on the heart or heart valves.

The result is a compound with a desirable increased satiety effect and no heart valve damage. Echo studies showed no increased incidence of FDA-defined cardiac valvulopathy. There is some concern the studies were not powered adequately for complete confidence because of a lower than expected event rate. The FDA advisory panel voted in favor of approval 18-4 in May 2012 and locaserin was officially approved by the FDA in June 2012. It should be available in 2013.

CATEGORICAL WEIGHT CHANGE OVER WITH LORCASERIN THERAPY- BLOOM

47.5%

20.3%

22.6% 7.7%

Smith SR, Weissman NJ, Anderson CM, Sanchez M, Chuang E, Stubbe S, Bays H, Shanahan WR 2010 Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management. N Engl J Med 363:245-256

LORCASERIN SAFETY DATA


Safety Population N (% of patients) Lorcaserin 10 mg BID, n=256 Lorcaserin 10 mg QD, n=95 Placebo, n=252

Headache Back pain Nasopharyngitis Nausea Urinary tract infection Cough Symptomatic hypoglycemia Fatigue Gastroenteritis, viral Dizziness Influenza Procedural pain Hypertension Gastroenteritis Depression ONeil PM, et al. Obesity. 2012;20:1426-1436.

37 (14.5) 30 (11.7) 29 (11.3) 24 (9.4) 23 (9.0) 21 (8.2) 19 (7.4) 19 (7.4) 18 (7.0) 18 (7.0) 15 (5.9) 13 (5.1) 13 (5.1) 8 (3.1) 6 (2.3)

16 (16.8) 8 (8.4) 22 (23.2) 8 (8.4) 9 (9.5) 5 (5.3) 10 (10.5) 5 (5.3) 5 (5.3) 11 (11.16) 8 (8.4) 0 6 (6.3) 5 (5.3) 5 (5.3)

18 (7.1) 20 (7.9) 25 (9.9) 20 (7.9) 15 (6.0) 11 (4.4) 16 (6.3) 10 (4.0) 11 (4.4) 16 (6.3) 13 (5.2) 5 (2.0) 8 (3.2) 5 (2.0) 5 (2.0)

HOW I SEE THE FUTURE ROLE OF LOCASERIN


While locaserin meets FDA weight loss criteria, the efficacy is modest, but the risk profile is also low.

For this drug, it is important for clinicians to realize that certain individuals may respond more (have a significantly greater weight loss) than other individuals.
This drug may be one that eventually will be helpful in a smaller subset of obese responders Locaserins reduction in HbA1c levels appears more substantial than the weight loss reduction in the BLOOM-DM study and therefore diabetics may also prove to be a subset that may have greater benefit

Locaserin has not been studied in combination with other drugs such as phentermine. While combining the two drugs (phentermine and locaserin) may increase weight loss, the safety of the combination has not been evaluated

PHENTERMINE AND TOPIRAMATE (PHEN/TPM)


Phentermine induces central NE release and promotes weight loss by decreasing food intake. It is currently approved as a monotherapy for only short-term use. Topiramate monotherapy (200-400 mg/day) was approved in 1996 for the treatment of seizures and in 2004 for migraine prophylaxis (100mg/day) and is currently not approved as a monotherapy for weight management. Topiramate exhibits a combination of properties such as effects on sodium channels, enhancements of GABA-activated chloride channels, and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes, but the specific mechanism promoting weight loss is unclear. In combination the drugs have shown greater weight reduction than either agent alone.

PHENTERMINE AND TOPIRAMATE (PHEN/TPM)


Higher dose topiramate trials as a monotherapy were halted because of the cognitive and depressive side effects. The combination of PHEN/TPM allows a lower dose of controlled release topiramate to be used and therefore a more acceptable adverse events profile. The drug combination of phentermine and topiramate received a 20-2 in favor vote from the February 2012 FDA advisory panel and was FDA approved in July of 2012. It became available for use in late 2012.

EFFECT OF PHENTERMINE/TOPIRAMATE ER ON WEIGHT LOSS IN OBESE ADULTS AFTER 1 YEAR- CONQUER

Gadde KM, et al. Lancet. 2011;377:1341-1352

PHENTERMINE/TOPIRAMATE ER SAFETY DATA


% Adverse Events
Dry mouth Paraesthesia Constipation URI Placebo (n=993) 2 2 6 13 PHEN/TPM ER 7.5/46 (n=498) 13 14 15 12 P Value <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.7422 PHEN/TPM ER 15/92 (n=994) 21 21 17 13 P Value <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.7906

Nasopharyngitis
Dysgeusia Insomnia Headache Dizziness Sinusitis Back pain Nausea Fatigue Diarrhoea Blurred vision UTI Arthralgia Bronchitis

9
1 5 9 3 7 5 4 5 5 4 4 5 4

11
7 6 7 7 7 6 4 4 6 4 5 5 4

0.2204
<0.0001 0.3832 0.1983 0.0005 1.0000 0.6199 0.6754 0.7010 0.2229 0.7729 0.1753 0.5373 1.0000

10
10 10 10 10 9 7 7 7 6 6 5 4 5

0.3947
<0.0001 <0.0001 0.4467 <0.0001 0.1511 0.0386 0.0139 0.1270 0.3690 0.0157 0.0855 0.3025 0.4004

GADDE KM, ET AL. LANCET . 2011;377:1341-1352. INFECTION; UTI, URINARY TRACT INFECTION

URI, UPPER RESPIRATORY

HOW I SEE THE FUTURE ROLE OF PHEN/TPM


Weight loss with the combination of PHEN/TPM is better than any of the obesity drugs in the pipeline at this time. Along with this increase in efficacy however comes a more troublesome risk profile that clinicians need to understand and actively address with their patients. Depression and cognitive issues have not been major issues in the more recent controlled release trials. Cardiovascular events and birth defects appear to be the issues that will need to be monitored closely.

EMERGING PHARMACOTHERAPY
Agent Naltrexone/BupSR1 Liraglutide2,3

Approval Status
Mechanism

FDA requested additional Phase 3 data In Phase 3 clinical trials


Naltrexone, opioid receptor antagonist; Bup, norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor Glucagonlike peptide-1 analogue

Follow-up Duration

56 weeks
Nausea Headache Constipation Dizziness Vomiting Dry mouth

56 weeks

Common AEs

Nausea Vomiting Gastro-intestinal effects

Greenway FL, et al. Lancet. 2010;376:595-605. et al. Lancet. 2009;374:1606-1616. 3 Lean ME, et al. Obesity. 2010;18(suppl 2) Abst# 484-P:S153.
2 Astrup A,

NALTREXONE AND BUPROPION (NAL/BUP)


The Naltrexone SR/Bupropion SR combination functions as an opioid receptor antagonist combined with a norepinephrine and dopamine receptor reuptake inhibitor. Bupropion has neuronal effects that lead to reduced energy intake and increased energy expenditure. Naltrexone was chosen as a complement to bupropion in order to block compensating mechanisms that attempt to prevent long-term, sustained weight loss.

The FDA advisory panel voted in favor of approval (13-7) of this combination in December of 2010 however the FDA declined to approve the drug in early 2011 going against the advisory panel recommendation

NALTREXONE AND BUPROPION (NAL/BUP)


The FDA is requiring large scale safety study evaluating cardiovascular events. This was an interesting decision by the FDA given buproprion which is the drug potentially associated with the increase in cardiovascular risks, is currently available and used by millions of Americans for the treatment of mild depression or to stop smoking. Blood pressure and pulse were slightly increased indicating the potential for an increased cardiovascular events. Increased risk of seizures as well as syncope in the treatment group was also a safety concern that was noted.

A study of this size and scope will take tremendous resources and time to complete. The earliest this drug could be approved is late 2014 or early 2015.-

WEIGHT LOSS WITH NALTREXONE SR/BUPROPION SR COMBINATION THERAPY AS AN ADJUNCT TO BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION: THE COR-BMOD TRIAL

Wadden et al Obesity (2011) 19, 110120.

SURGICAL TREATMENT OF OBESITY


The use of bariatric surgery as a treatment for obesity has grown dramatically over the last several years. The International Diabetes Federation recommended consideration of bariatric surgery as an accepted treatment option in patients with a BMI 30 to 35 when DM cannot be adequately controlled by traditional medical management In 2011 the FDA expanded approval of the LAP-BAND adjustable gastric banding system to be used in patients with a BMI of 30-34 with an existing condition related to their obesity.

WHAT IS NEW FOR THE FUTURE?

ENDO BARRIER

HOW DO WE GET PEOPLE TO DO IT?


Motivation/Priorities Carrot or Stick Purpose/Mindset Skill Building Rituals and Routines Create New Environments

MAKE HEALTHY DECISIONS AUTOMATIC


In todays world healthy behaviors takes planning and choices Its not the default

Sticking to your intentions requires willpower

BUILDING YOUR WILLPOWER MUSCLE


Willpower is like a muscle

It fatigues over the day


You use it all day long

Finite resource make it strong and use it wisely


Examples of ways to use it efficiently Planning ahead

Morning exercise

HABITS, ROUTINES AND RITUAL


Patterns of behavior that are subconscious Regular courses of action Routines that have a deeper meaning Make the behaviors more likely to happen

HEALTHY DIET ROUTINES AND RITUALS


Never go down the chip aisle in the grocery store Eat Starbucks oatmeal for breakfast when traveling Only buy single serving snacks Never bring ice cream home- always go out for it Prepare food on Sunday afternoon for the week Buy precut prewashed veggies Always order Grilled Teriyaki chicken, sauce of the side, only half the brown rice at my favorite Chinese restaurant Decline bread basket Always order dressing or sauce on the side Start with a veggies at dinner

HIGH ACTIVITY ROUTINES AND RITUALS


Only watch TV after exercise

Always stand or walk on the cell phone


Sleep by 10pm Prepack Gym bag Schedule working out on Sunday Meet friends Sign up for events Walk for 10 minutes at noon

CREATE A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT


You want your relationships and surroundings to work for you not against your efforts Reengineer your environment Physical Social Make healthy the default when possible Push back against the environment

THE IMPORTANCE OF YOUR SOCIAL NETWORK


The people you interact with at work, home and in your community have a tremendous influence over your behavior Join a group or develop new circles of friends that are doing the behavior you want to do

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