Gametogenesis

Mitosis and Meiosis

Cell Division

Todays Objectives
Identify the meiotic& mitotic process

Identify the important components of the process of GAMETOGENESIS

 Spermatogenesis

Gametogenesis in Mammals creating mature functioning gametes

Oogenesis

Process of producing complete motile spermatozoa from spermatogonia. Occurs in seminiferous tubules of the testes Process of producing mature oocytes from oogonia Occurs in ovaries

Gametogenesis:Process of creating mature functioning gametes

1- Reduce the number of chromosomes to 1/2 of somatic cells (this is done by meiotic or maturation division).

2- Alter the shape of the germ cell in preparation for

fertilization; -The cytoplasm is increased in the ovum to provide sufficient nutrition for the dividing zygote. -The cytoplasm is decreased in the sperm + it develops head, neck, body and tail

Nucleus
DNA: arranged in chromosomes (network of granules = nuclear chromatin) RNA: spherical intranuclear structure(s) - nucleolus / nucleoli

Chromatin
In the interphase nucleus the staining area with homogeneous electron-density is called euchromatin .The dense staining area with higher electron-density is called heterochromatin.

Nucleolus

It is located in nucleus, without membrane coat. It is with rather high electron-density structure. It is the sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly.

Terminology
Chromatin - thin fibrous form of DNA and proteins has beaded appearance

Anatomy of a Chromosome
Centromere point where sister chromatids are joined together =short arm; upward =long arm; downward Telomere-tips of

centromere

chromatids

telomere

Chromosomes
Homologous Chromosome: The two chromosomes of a matching pair

Terminology
Diploid - two sets of chromosomes (2n), in humans 23 pairs or 46 total Haploid - one set of chromosomes (n) - gametes or sex cells, in humans 23 chromosomes

Why Do Cells Divide?

For growth, repair, and reproduction

Cell Division vs. Nuclear Division

Cytokinesis: The actual division of the cell into two new cells.

Mitosis: The division of the nucleus of the cell into two new nuclei. Note: Sometimes cells go through mitosis without going through cytokinesis. Describe a cell that did this.

Getting ready to split

Cell cycle has two parts: growth and preparation (interphase) cell division mitosis (nuclear division) cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)

 Paired chromosomes Before mitosis, the DNA chains duplicate to form new chromosome material. The duplicated chromosomes lie side by side = chromatid. Mitosis = the process by which chromatids separate into chromosomes.

Chromatids

Interphase
Occurs between divisions

The Cell Cycle

The sequence of growth and division of a cell. 95% of cell cycle in interphase 5% of cell cycle in mitosis

Interphase
Growth Stage (G1) metabolic activity of the cell Synthesis Stage (S) metabolic activity of the cell, replication of DNA Growth Stage 2 (G2) metabolic activity of the cell, prepare for division

Mitosis
Interphase: DNA duplication to form chromatids just before mitosis Prophase: centriole migration, mitotic spindle Metaphase: chromosomes line up in centre, chromatids still joined at centromere Anaphase: chromatids separate into chromosomes Telophase: new nuclear membranes form, cytoplasm divides

Prophase
Chromosome condense Microtubles form The nuclear envelope breaks down

prometaphase
Nuclear membrane is degraded (disappeared) Microtubules entered nuclear space

Metaphase

Chromosomes are pulled to center of cell Line up along metaphase plate

Anaphase

Centromeres divide Spindle fibers pull one set of chromosomes to each pole Precise alignment is critical to division

Telophase
Nuclear envelope form around chromosomes Cytokinesis

Interphase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

IPPMATC

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Meiosis

What is Meiosis?
A division of the nucleus that reduces chromosome number by half. Important in sexual reproduction Involves combining the genetic information of one parent with that of the the other parent to produce a genetically distinct individual

Phases of Meiosis
A diploid cell replicates its chromosomes Two stages of meiosis
Meiosis I and Meiosis II Only 1 replication

 Synapsis - pairing of homologous chromosomes forming a tetrad. Crossing over chromatids of tetrad exchange parts.

Produce 4 haploid gametes through - Interphase replication of DNA - Meiosis I separation of (reduction) homologous chromosomes
(in 4-5 steps: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I and cytokinesis I)

Meiosis

- Meiosis II ( similar mitosis) separation of sister chromatids

(prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II and cytokinesis II)

Only occurs in gonads

Meiosis Interphase
Meiosis is preceded by interphase.

Meiosis Interphase
The chromosomes have replicated, and the chromatin begins to condense.

Meiosis Prophase I
The chromosomes are completely condensed. In meiosis (unlike mitosis), the homologous chromosomes pair with one another
Each pair contains four sister chromatids - tetrad

Meiosis Metaphase I
The nuclear membrane dissolves and the homologous chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers. They are preparing to go to opposite poles.

Meiosis Anaphase I
The chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.

Meiosis Telophase I & Cytokinesis

The cell begins to divide into two daughter cells. It is important to understand that each daughter cell can get any combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes.

Meiosis Prophase II
The cell has divided into two daughter cells.

Meiosis Metaphase II
As in Meiosis I, the chromosomes line up on the spindle fibers.

http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/m eiosis1.html

Meiosis Anaphase II
The two cells each begin to divide. As in Meiosis I, the chromosomes move to opposite ends of each cell.

Telophase II & Cytokinesis

With the formation of four cells, meiosis is over. Each of these prospective germ cells carries half the number of chromosomes of somatic cells.

 While a tetrad is present, crossing over occurs Which involves the genes of one chromatid are exchanged for the genes of another. This gives rise to genetic variability.

Crossing over

exchange

 Both are forms of nuclear division Both involve replication Both involve disappearance of the nucleus, and nucleolus, nuclear membrane Both involve formation of spindle fibers

Review Mitosis & Meiosis

 Meiosis produces daughter cells that have 1/2 the number of chromosomes as the parent. Go from 2n to 1n. Daughter cells produced by meiosis are not genetically identical to one another. In meiosis cell division takes place twice but replication occurs only once.

DIFFERENCES

 Meiosis produces daughter cells that have 1/2 the number of chromosomes as the parent. Go from 2n to 1n. Daughter cells produced by meiosis are not genetically identical to one another. In meiosis cell division takes place twice but replication occurs only once.

DIFFERENCES

Gametogenesis in Mammals
Spermatogenesis
Process of producing complete motile spermatozoa from spermatogonia. Occurs in seminiferous tubules of the testes Process of producing mature oocytes from oogonia Occurs in ovaries

Oogenesis

Gametogenesis:Process of creating mature functioning gametes

1- Reduce the number of chromosomes to 1/2 of somatic cells (this is done by meiotic or maturation division).

2- Alter the shape of the germ cell in preparation for

fertilization; -The cytoplasm is increased in the ovum to provide sufficient nutrition for the dividing zygote. -The cytoplasm is decreased in the sperm + it develops head, neck ,body and tail

Spermatogenesis
Start: it starts after puberty and continues into old age. Duration: It takes about 60-64 days (including the process of spermio-genesis) Site in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.

Steps: It passes in 4 stages: 1. Stage of proliferation:: 2 Stage of growth:

3. Stage of maturation: by 2 stages of divisions:

A-First meiotic division: 1ry spermatocyte divides by meiosis to form two 2ry spermatocytes (23 chromosomes). B-Second meiotic division: each secondary spermatocyte divides by mitosis to form two spermatids (23chromosomes).

4-Stage of transformation spermio-genesis= change in shape with no further division , spermatids change to motile sperms:

Nuclear condensation: thickening and reduction of the nuclear size, condensation of the nuclear contents into the smallest space. Acrosome formation: Forming a cap (acrosome) containing enzymes that play an important role in the penetration through the pellucid zone of the oocyte. Flagellum formation: generation of the sperm cell tail. Cytoplasma reduction: elimination of all unnecessary cytoplasm

Structure of sperm

Abnormalities

*Necrospermia: dead sperms in the ejaculate. *Oligospermia: sperm count is below normal. *Azospermia: Complete absence of sperms in the semen.

ICSI Intracytoplasmatic sperm injection

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

Oogenesis
Changes that take place in the ovary during which the oogonia cells (primordial female germ cells) differentiate into mature oocyte (ready for fertilization). *Start: from 3rd month of intrauterine life till

birth, then continues after puberty (during each

ovarian cycle), and after fertilization & end at menopause. *Site: in the ovary.

1-proliferation 2-growth

OMIOocyte maturation inhibitor

At puberty

flex

25 m

0.15 to 0.2 mm

Sex determination
The sex of a child is always determined by the sperm of the father. Any presence of a Y chromosome makes the person a male. The mothers eggs always carry an X chromosome. If the sperm that fertilizes the egg carries an X chromosome, the child will be a girl and if it carries a Y chromosome the child will be a boy. Girl=XX Boy=XY

Down syndrome: chromosome 21

trisomy of

Trisomy-18

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES

 females undergo reproductive cycles in the ovaries and uterus every 28 days Most females begin menstruation between 10-15 As with males, many hormonal changes are occurring, so the body may take a couple of years to adjust Cycle may be irregular
Menopause
Ceasing of menstruation Between 45-50n

Hormones control the cycle FSH & LH (secreted by pituitary gland) and estrogen & progesterone (secreted by the ovary Nutrition, stress & diet can influence cycle

NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

What regulate the phases of the MC & ovulation? Interaction between hypothalamus, pituitary & ovaries
What is the mean age of menarche & menopause? Menarche 12.7 Menopause 51.4

IV) Female Reproductive System C) Menstrual Cycle

the menstrual cycle includes:
oogenesis, ovulation, thickening and shedding of the endometrium

Two distinct cycles

Ovarian cycle: Uterine cycle

1) Ovarian cycle:
At puberty, under the influence of FSH, a number of 1ry oocytes begin to mature with each ovarian cycle, however,usually, only one primary follicle develops into a mature follicle & ruptures through the surface of the ovary to expel the oocyte

PHASES OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE

1-Follicular phase (14 days): 2-Luteal phase (post ovulatory phase, 14 days)

1-FOLLICULAR PHASE:MATURATION OF THE FOLLICLE (FOLLICULOGENESIS

on day 1 of the menstrual cycle & ends with ovulation RECRUITMENT FSH maturation of a group of ovarian follicles recruitment only one reaches maturity

(stratum granulosum),

Sheath

Graafian F. corona radiata crown

cumulus ovaricus (cumulus oophorus

1-Follicular phase (14 days)

2-Luteal phase (post ovulatory phase, 14 days):

-It follows ovulation and leads to the formation of corpus luteum under the effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) . The corpus luteum will secrete progestrone hormone (which is responsible for the secretory stage of uterine cycle)

OVULATION
The dominant follicle bulges from the ovarian cortex Gentle release of the oocyte surrounded by the cumulus granulosa cells on the 14th day of menstrual cycle.

Mechanism of follicular rupture: 1-Mechanical factor by the increasing of follicle size & its squeezing effect on the capsule of the ovary
2- Follicular pressure Changes in composition of the antral fluid colloid osmotic pressure 3-Enzymatic rupture of the follicular wall LH & FSH granulosa cells production of plasminogen activator plasmin fibrinolytic activity breake down of F. wall

1- Plasma membrane (Oolemma): Innermost layer. 2- Vitelline membrane: Attached to plasma membrane. 3- Zona pellucida: Transparent non-cellular layer found outer to the Vitelline membrane. 4- Corona radiata: Outer layer formed of follicle cells. These cells are found together by hyaluronic acid

MENSTRUATION
Periodic desquamation of the endometrium Just before menses the endometrium is infiltrated with leucocytes Prostaglandins are maximal in the endometrium just before menses Prostaglandins constriction of the spiral arterioles ischemia & desquamation Followed by arteriolar relaxation, bleeding & tissue breakdown

2) Uterine cycle:
1-Stage of menstruation: Flow phase (bleeding) 2-Stage of repair: 3-Stage of proliferation: 4-stage of secretion

5-10 1-5

PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS)

Variety of symptoms that some females experience Occurs before the menstrual period Some females never experience PMS

Symptoms Nervous tension, anxiety, irritability, Bloating, weight gain, depression/mood swings, fatigue

PMS cont
Causes arent completely understood
More common in 30s women Related to hormone imbalance Nutritional deficiency

Treatment
Change in diet & exercise Serious cases = antidepressant meds