Cement

CEMENT A cement is a binder, a substance which sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete. The bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong

building material which is durable in the face of

normal environmental effects.

PC Portland cement
Name Portland due to resemblance of colour and

quality of the set cement to sandstone found in Portland in UK OPC Ordinary Portland cement was obtained by mixing of mainly Calcareous material lime stone or chalk Argillaceous material clay/shale Silicious material Silica Burning at 1400-14500C results in 3-25 mm clinkers Clinkers finely grounded to get OP Cement

QUALITIES OF GOOD CEMENT

Uniform colour. Should be cool when felt with hand. Uniform when touch. Free from lumps.

Cement mortar compressive and tensile strength for 3 days

is 11.5 N/mm2 and 2 N/mm2. Also for 7 days compressive strength is 17.5 N/mm2 and tensile strength is 2.5 N/mm2. The initial setting time of cement is 30 min and final setting time is 10 hrs.

USES OF CEMENT
Cement is used for all engineering works.

Masonry and plastering works, fencing post, pipes, etc,.

Construction of building structures (footing,column,beam,

wall,

etc.,)

and

special

structures

(bridges,

dams,

tunnels,etc.,)

TYPES OF CEMENT
SI.No Types Applications Where the high strength is required at initial stage (repair works, early removal of formworks) Sewage treatment plant, marine structures, etc,. Used in mass concreting works (Dams) Under water construction and grouting purposes Where the high structure is required. resistance

Rapid hardening cement

Sulphate resisting cement

3
4

Low heat cement

Quick setting cement

5
6 7

Portland pozzolana cement

High alumina cement Air entraining cement

High earlier strength in cold climates Increase the frost resistance of hardened concrete.

Masonry cement

Used for masonry constructions and plastering (High workability and water repellent compared to OPC)
Used for filling the crack by grouting and cracks due to shrinkage of concrete are avoided. Aesthetic purposes.

9
10

Expansive cement
Coloured cement

11
12

White cement
High strength cement

Architectural purposes, flooring tiles, etc,.

Railway sleepers, precast concrete, etc.,

TESTING OF CEMENT
Field testing Laboratory testing

FIELD TESTING
Date of manufacture Because aging reduces the strength
Period of storage %age of 28-days strength

Fresh 3 months 6months 12months 24 months

100% 80% 70% 60% 50%

 Open the bags - No lumps should be present (Mean no setting) Thrust your hand into the cement - There should be cool feeling (means no heat of hydration no setting) Pinch of cement between fingers - It should give smooth feeling (means no setting).

LABORATORY TEST
Fineness of cement by dry sieving (IS 4031 1968)
100 gm cement taken Hand sieving for 15 minutes on 90 IS sieve Residue on sieve weighed For OPC

limit of residue = 10%

- residue = 5%

PPC,HSOPC, SGC

More fineness increases only the early strength not the ultimate
strength.

Standard consistency test (IS : 4031-1968)

Apparatus used : Vicats Apparatus Measured cement & water taken to make paste.

Mould filled within 3-5 minutes from adding of water at room

temperature (270 C + 2 c)
Mould kept in position so that Vicat plunger touching paste

Plunger released quickly & reading on scale noted

Water adjusted such that penetration is 5-7 mm from bottom of

mould

This water content (% by wt. of cement) is called STANDARD

CONSISTENCY P

 INITIAL SETTING TIME (IS : 4031)

FINAL SETTING TIME (IS : 4031)

SOUNDNESS TEST(IS : 4031) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST(IS: 4031)

Concrete

INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE
Cement Aggregates

Fine
Coarse

Together these occupy 70-75% of total volume

Water Though essential its use should be controlled Admixture optional but desirable for high strength concrete.

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
High compressive strength

Free from corrosion.

Strong in compression. Weak in tension. Hard surface, capable to resisting abrasion.

USES OF CONCRETE
For Civil Engineering works concrete is one of the essential material. (Buildings, Roads, Bridges, Dams, Industries, Piles, Pipes, etc,.)

CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE
Plain cement concrete (without steel). Reinforced cement concrete (with steel)

TYPES OF CONCRETE
Light weight concrete Light weight aggregate concrete Aerated concrete No-fine concrete High density concrete Polymer concrete

Fiber reinforced concrete

TESTING OF CONCRETE
Testing of fresh concrete
Workability test Workability is the ability of a fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill the form/mold properly with the desired work (vibration) and without reducing the concrete's quality. Workability depends on water content, aggregate (shape and size distribution), quality of cement content and chemical admixtures. Slump test

Testing of hardened concrete Compressive strength test. Tensile strength test. Non destructive test. Redound hammer test Ultrasonic test

sand

CLASSIFICATION OF SAND
Natural sand (river sand) Artificial sand (crusher sand)

QUALITIES OF GOOD SAND

Clean, hard and durable. Free from chemical salts, organic and inorganic impurities. Free from clay, silt and fine dust. (not more than 5% by weight)

Particle size should be in the range between 0.15 mm to

4.75 mm Fineness modulus of sand is 1.6 to 3.5

USES OF SAND
Preparing mortar and concrete. Used as a filling material in the basement. In top of bituminous road it acting as a binding material. It forms major portion of mortar and reduces the cost of mortar

TESTING OF SAND
Sieve analysis and fineness modulus test As per I.S standard the size of sieves are 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18mm, 600 ,300 and 150 . Fineness modulus of sand = Sum of percentage retained in each sieve 100 For plastering 1.6 to 2.0 For masonry mortar 2.0 to 3.0 For concrete 2.5 to 3.5 Test for bulkage of sand. Bulkage: Increase in volume of sand. % bulkage of sand = ((H1-H2)/H2)x100

Test for silt content

steel

STEEL SECTIONS
Bras Plates Flats Angles Channels I sections T sections

Bras Square section size 5 to 32 mm Round bars 6 to 32 mm

Length of bars 10 to 12 m

 Plates
Max area 30 m2 Thickness 5 to 28 mm Thickness < 5 mm are called sheets

These plates are used as webs and flanges for deep

beams and columns

 Flats
Flats are longer and have shorter width.

Width 18 to 500 mm

Thickness 3 to 80 mm.
Use for grill and railing works. Costlier than plates

 Angles Equal angle 20x20x3 mm to 200x200x25mm Weight / metre length 9.0N and 736 N.

Unequal angle 30x20x3 mm to 200x150x18mm Weight / metre length 11.0N and 469 N. Used in steel roof trusses, steel columns and beams. Mainly used in steel bridges.

 Channels

 I- Sections

T- Sections