Reservoirs, Spillways, & Energy

Dissipators
CE154 Hydraulic Design
Lecture 3
Fall 2009 1 CE154
Fall 2009 2
Lecture 3 Reservoir, Spillway, Etc.
Purposes of a Dam
- Irrigation
- Flood control
- Water supply
- Hydropower
- Navigation
- Recreation
Pertinent structures dam, spillway,
intake, outlet, powerhouse
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Fall 2009 3
Hoover Dam downstream face

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Fall 2009 4
Hoover Dam Lake Mead

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Fall 2009 5
Hoover Dam Spillway Crest

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Fall 2009 6
Hoover dam Outflow Channel

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Fall 2009 7
Hoover Dam Outlet Tunnel

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Fall 2009 8
Hoover Dam Spillway

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Fall 2009 9
Dam Building Project
Planning
- Reconnaissance Study
- Feasibility Study
- Environmental Document (CEQA in California)
Design
- Preliminary (Conceptual) Design
- Detailed Design
- Construction Documents (plans & specifications)
Construction
Startup and testing
Operation
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Fall 2009 10
Necessary Data
Location and site map
Hydrologic data
Climatic data
Geological data
Water demand data
Dam site data (foundation, material,
tailwater)
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Dam Components
Dam
- dam structure and embankment
Outlet structure
- inlet tower or inlet structure, tunnels,
channels and outlet structure
Spillway
- service spillway
- auxiliary spillway
- emergency spillway

Fall 2009 11 CE154
Spillway Design Data
Inflow Design Flood (IDF) hydrograph
- developed from probable maximum
precipitation or storms of certain
occurrence frequency
- life loss use PMP
- if failure is tolerated, engineering
judgment cost-benefit analysis use
certain return-period flood
Fall 2009 12 CE154
Spillway Design Data (contd)
Reservoir storage curve
- storage volume vs. elevation
- developed from topographic maps
- requires reservoir operation rules for
modeling
Spillway discharge rating curve
Fall 2009 13 CE154
Reservoir Capacity Curve
Fall 2009 14 CE154
Spillway Discharge Rating
Fall 2009 15 CE154
Spillway Design Procedure
Route the flood through the reservoir
to determine the required spillway size
AS = (Q
i
Q
o
) At
Q
i
determined from IDF hydrograph
Q
o
determined from outflow rating
curve
AS determined from storage rating
curve
- trial and error process
Fall 2009 16 CE154
Spillway Capacity vs. Surcharge
Fall 2009 17 CE154
Spillway Cost Analysis
Fall 2009 18 CE154
Spillway Design Procedure (contd)
Select spillway type and control
structure
- service, auxiliary and emergency
spillways to operate at increasingly
higher reservoir levels
- whether to include control structure
or equipment a question of regulated
or unregulated discharge
Fall 2009 19 CE154
Spillway Design Procedure (contd)
Perform hydraulic design of spillway
structures
- Control structure

- Discharge channel

- Terminal structure

- Entrance and outlet channels
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Types of Spillway
Overflow type integral part of the
dam
-Straight drop spillway, H<25, vibration
-Ogee spillway, low height
Channel type isolated from the dam
-Side channel spillway, for long crest
-Chute spillway earth or rock fill dam
- Drop inlet or morning glory spillway
-Culvert spillway
Fall 2009 21 CE154
Sabo Dam, Japan Drop Chute
Fall 2009 22 CE154
New Cronton Dam NY Stepped Chute
Spillway
Fall 2009 23 CE154
Sippel Weir, Australia Drop Spillway
Fall 2009 24 CE154
Four Mile Dam, Australia Ogee
Spillway
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Upper South Dam, Australia Ogee
Spillway
Fall 2009 26 CE154
Winnipeg Floodway - Ogee
Fall 2009 27 CE154
Hoover Dam Gated Side Channel
Spillway
Fall 2009 28 CE154
Valentine Mill Dam - Labyrinth
Fall 2009 29 CE154
Ute Dam Labyrinth Spillway
Fall 2009 30 CE154
Matthews Canyon Dam - Chute
Fall 2009 31 CE154
Itaipu Dam, Uruguay Chute Spillway
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Itaipu Dam flip bucket
Fall 2009 33 CE154
Pleasant Hill Lake Drop Inlet (Morning
Glory) Spillway
Fall 2009 34 CE154
Monticello Dam Morning Glory
Fall 2009 35 CE154
Monticello Dam Outlet - bikers heaven
Fall 2009 36 CE154
Grand Coulee Dam, Washington Outlet
pipe gate valve chamber
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Control structure Radial Gate

Fall 2009 38 CE154
Free Overfall Spillway
Control
- Sharp crested
- Broad crested
- many other shapes and forms
Caution
- Adequate ventilation under the nappe
- Inadequate ventilation vacuum
nappe drawdown rapture oscillation
erratic discharge
Fall 2009 39 CE154
Overflow Spillway
Uncontrolled Ogee Crest
- Shaped to follow the lower nappe of a
horizontal jet issuing from a sharp
crested weir
- At design head, the pressure remains
atmospheric on the ogee crest
- At lower head, pressure on the crest
is positive, causing backwater effect to
reduce the discharge
- At higher head, the opposite happens
Fall 2009 40 CE154
Overflow Spillway
Fall 2009 41 CE154
Overflow Spillway Geometry
Upstream Crest earlier practice
used 2 circular curves that produced
a discontinuity at the sharp crested
weir to cause flow separation, rapid
development of boundary layer, more
air entrainment, and higher side walls
- new design see US Corps of
Engineers Hydraulic Design Criteria
III-2/1
Fall 2009 42 CE154
Overflow Spillway
overcrest head energy design
crest over head energy total
spillway of width ef f ective L
e submergenc downstream P f C
CL Q
H
H
H
H
H
o
e
o
e
e
=
=
=
=
=
) , , , (
2 / 3
u
Fall 2009 43 CE154
Overflow Spillway
Effective width of spillway defined below, where

L = effective width of crest
L = net width of crest
N = number of piers
Kp = pier contraction coefficient, p. 368
Ka = abutment contraction coefficient, pp. 368-369
H K K L
e a p
N L ) ( 2
'
+ =
Fall 2009 44 CE154
Overflow Spillway
Discharge coefficient C
C = f( P, H
e
/H
o
, u, downstream
submergence)

Why is C increasing with H
e
/H
o
?
H
e
>H
o
p
crest
<p
atmospheric
C>Co
Designing using H
o
=0.75H
e
will increase
C by 4% and reduce crest length by 4%
Fall 2009 45 CE154
Overflow Spillway
Why is C increasing with P?
- P=0, broad crested weir, C=3.087
- P increasing, approach flow velocity
decreases, and flow starts to contract
toward the crest, C increasing
- P increasing still, C attains
asymptotically a maximum
Fall 2009 46 CE154
C vs. P/Ho
Fall 2009 47 CE154
C vs. He/Ho
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C. vs. u
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Downstream Apron Effect on C
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Tailwater Effect on C
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Overflow Spillway Example
Ho = 16
P = 5
Design an overflow spillway thats not
impacted by downstream apron
To have no effect from the d/s apron,
(h
d
+d)/Ho = 1.7 from Figure 9-27
h
d
+d = 1.716 = 27.2
P/Ho = 5/16 = 0.31
Co = 3.69 from Figure 9-23
Fall 2009 52 CE154
Example (contd)
q = 3.6916
3/2
= 236 cfs/ft
h
d
= velocity head on the apron
h
d
+d = d+(236/d)
2
/2g = 27.2
d = 6.5 ft
h
d
= 20.7 ft
Allowing 10% reduction in Co, h
d
+d/He =
1.2
h
d
+d = 1.216 = 19.2
Saving in excavation = 27.2 19.2 = 8 ft
Economic considerations for apron
elevation!
Fall 2009 53 CE154
Energy Dissipators
Hydraulic Jump type induce a
hydraulic jump at the end of spillway to
dissipate energy
Bureau of Reclamation did extensive
experimental studies to determine
structure size and arrangements
empirical charts and data as design
basis
Fall 2009 54 CE154
Hydraulic Jump energy dissipator
Froude number

Fr = V/(gy)
1/2

Fr > 1 supercritical flow
Fr < 1 subcritical flow

Transition from supercritical to
subcritical on a mild slope hydraulic
jump
Fall 2009 55 CE154
Hydraulic Jump
Fall 2009 56 CE154
Hydraulic Jump

y
1 V
1
V
2 y
2
L
j
Fall 2009 57 CE154
Hydraulic Jump
Jump in horizontal rectangular channel
y
2
/y
1
= ((1+8Fr
1
2
)
1/2
-1) - see figure
y
1
/y
2
= ((1+8Fr
2
2
)
1/2
-1)
Loss of energy
AE = E
1
E
2
= (y
2
y
1
)
3
/ (4y
1
y
2
)
Length of jump
L
j
~ 6y
2


Fall 2009 58 CE154
Hydraulic Jump
Design guidelines
- Provide a basin to contain the jump
- Stabilize the jump in the basin:
tailwater control
- Minimize the length of the basin
to increase performance of the basin
- Add chute blocks, baffle piers and end
sills to increase energy loss Bureau of
Reclamation types of stilling basin
Fall 2009 59 CE154
Type IV Stilling Basin 2.5<Fr<4.5
Fall 2009 60 CE154
Stilling Basin 2.5<Fr<4.5
Fall 2009 61 CE154
Stilling Basin 2.5<Fr<4.5
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Type IV Stilling Basin
2.5<Fr<4.5
Energy loss in this Froude number range
is less than 50%
To increase energy loss and shorten the
basin length, an alternative design may
be used to drop the basin level and
increase tailwater depth
Fall 2009 63 CE154
Stilling Basin Fr>4.5
When Fr > 4.5, but V < 60 ft/sec, use
Type III basin
Type III chute blocks, baffle blocks
and end sill
Reason for requiring V<60 fps to avoid
cavitation damage to the concrete
surface and limit impact force to the
blocks
Fall 2009 64 CE154
Type III Stilling Basin Fr>4.5
Fall 2009 65 CE154
Type III Stilling Basin Fr>4.5
Fall 2009 66 CE154
Type III Stilling Basin Fr>4.5
Calculate impact force on baffle blocks:

F = 2 A (d
1
+ hv
1
)
where F = force in lbs
= unit weight of water in lb/ft
3

A = area of upstream face of
blocks in ft
2

(d
1
+hv
1
) = specific energy of
flow entering the basin in ft.
Fall 2009 67 CE154
Type II Stilling Basin Fr>4.5
When Fr > 4.5 and V > 60 ft/sec, use
Type II stilling basin
Because baffle blocks are not used,
maintain a tailwater depth 5% higher
than required as safety factor to
stabilize the jump
Fall 2009 68 CE154
Type II Stilling Basin Fr>4.5
Fall 2009 69 CE154
Type II Stilling Basin Fr>4.5
Fall 2009 70 CE154
Example
A rectangular concrete channel 20 ft
wide, on a 2.5% slope, is discharging 400
cfs into a stilling basin. The basin, also
20 ft wide, has a water depth of 8 ft
determined from the downstream
channel condition. Design the stilling
basin (determine width and type of
structure).
Fall 2009 CE154 71
Example
1. Use Mannings equation to determine
the normal flow condition in the
upstream channel.
V = 1.486R
2/3
S
1/2
/n
Q = 1.486 R
2/3
S
1/2
A/n
A = 20y
R = A/P = 20y/(2y+20) = 10y/(y+10)
Q = 400
= 1.486(10y/(y+10))
2/3
S
1/2
20y/n
Fall 2009 CE154 72
Example
Solve the equation by trial and error
y = 1.11 ft
check A=22.2 ft2, P=22.2, R=1.0
1.486R2/3S1/2/n = 18.07
V=Q/A = 400/22.2 = 18.02
Fr
1
= V/(gy)
1/2
= 3.01
a type IV basin may be appropriate,
but first lets check the tailwater level
Fall 2009 CE154 73
Example
2. For a simple hydraulic jump basin,
y
2
/y
1
= ((1+8Fr
1
2
)
1/2
-1)
Now that y
1
=1.11, Fr
1
=3.01 y
2
= 4.2 ft
This is the required water depth to
cause the jump to occur.
We have a depth of 8 ft now, much
higher than the required depth. This
will push the jump to the upstream
3. A simple basin with an end sill may work
well.

Fall 2009 CE154 74
Example
Length of basin
Use chart on Slide #62, for Fr
1
= 3.0,
L/y
2
= 5.25
L = 42 ft.
Height of end sill
Use design on Slide #60,
Height = 1.25Y
1
= 1.4 ft
Transition to the tailwater depth or
optimization of basin depth needs to be
worked out

Fall 2009 CE154 75