Topics

AWT Classes Window Fundamentals Working with Frame Windows Creating a Frame Window in an Applet Creating a Windowed Program Displaying Information within a Window Working with Graphics Working with color Setting the Paint Mode Working with Fonts Managing Text Output Using Font Metrics.

AWT Classes
one of Javas largest packages

AWT Classes
AWT Abstract Window Toolkit The main purpose of the AWT is to support applet windows It can also be used to create stand-alone windows that run in a GUI environment, such as Windows.
The AWT classes are contained in the java.awt package

AWT Classes -

some of the original methods were deprecated and replaced by new ones when Java 1.1 was released. For backwardcompatibility, Java 2 still supports all the original 1.0 methods.

AWT Classes

AWT Classes

AWT Classes

AWT Classes

Window Fundamentals
The AWT defines windows according to a class hierarchy that adds functionality and specificity with each level. The two most common windows are

those derived from Panel, which is used by applets,

those derived from Frame, which creates a standard window.

Window Fundamentals

Much of the functionality of these windows is derived from their parent classes.

- Component
An abstract class that encapsulates all of the attributes of a visual component.(All user interface elements are subclasses) It defines over a hundred public methods for

managing events (such as mouse and keyboard input,

positioning and sizing the window, and repainting.)

Remembers the current foreground and background

colors and the currently selected text font.

- Container
A subclass of Component

A container is responsible for laying out any

components that it contains.

Includes methods that allow other Component

objects to be nested within it

Other Container objects can be stored inside of a

Container

- Panel A Panel is a window that does not contain a title bar, menu bar, or border. A concrete subclass of Container The superclass for Applet It doesnt add any new methods; it simply implements Container.

- Panel
Other components can be added to a Panel

object by its add( ) method. add( ) method inherited from Container. you can position and resize the added components manually using setLocation( ), setSize( ), or setBounds( ) methods defined by Component.

- Window
This class creates a top-level window

A top-level window is not contained within any other

object; (it sits directly on the desktop)

You will use a subclass of Window called Frame to create Window objects

- Frame
A subclass of Window and has a title bar, menu bar, borders, and resizing corners. If you create a Frame object from with in an applet window , it will contain a warning message, such as Java Applet Window, to the user that an applet window has been created.

When a Frame window is created by a program

rather than an applet, a normal window is created.

Working with Frame Windows

It creates a standard-style window

You will use it to create child windows within applets, top-level or child windows for applications. Two of Frames constructors: 1. Frame( ) creates a standard window that does not contain a title. 2. Frame(String title) creates a window with the title specified by title

Several methods are used when working with Frame windows.

Setting the Windows Dimensions 1. void setSize(int newWidth, int newHeight) 2. void setSize(Dimension newSize)
newWidth and newHeight new size of the window newSize the Dimension object contains width and height

fields

The dimensions are specified in terms of pixels.

3. Dimension getSize( ) used to obtain the current size of a window

 Setting a Windows Title

void setTitle(String newTitle) newTitle the new title for the window Closing a Frame Window

setVisible(false).
you must implement the windowClosing( ) method of the WindowListener interface Inside windowClosing( ), you must remove the window from the screen

Creating a Frame Window in an Applet STEPS:

1. Create a subclass of Frame. 2. Override any of the standard applet methods
(init( ), start( ), stop( ), and paint( )) to show or hide frame as needed

3. Finally, implement the windowClosing( ) method of

the WindowListener interface calling

setVisible(false) when the window is closed
you create an object of frames subclass. This causes a frame
window to come into existence and you make window visible by calling setVisible( ).

Note the following :

SampleFrame calls Frames constructor. (with super()). This causes a standard frame window to be created with the title passed in title. This example overrides the applet windows start( ) and stop( ) methods. This causes the window to be removed

automatically when you terminate the applet, when you

close the window,

Sample output

Handling Events in a Frame Window

Since Frame is a subclass of Component, it inherits all

the capabilities defined by Component.

So you can use and manage a frame window that you create just like you manage your applets main window. Whenever an event occurs in a window, the event handlers defined by that window will be called. Each window handles its own events.

Handling Events in a Frame Window

The MouseListener Interface
1. void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me) 2. void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me) 3. void mouseExited(MouseEvent me) 4. void mousePressed(MouseEvent me) 5. void mouseReleased(MouseEvent me)

The MouseMotionListener Interface

1. void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me)
2. void mouseMoved(MouseEvent me)

Handling Events in a Frame Window

The WindowListener Interface
1. void windowActivated(WindowEvent we)
2. void windowClosed(WindowEvent we) 3. void windowClosing(WindowEvent we) 4. void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent we) 5. void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent we) 6. void windowIconified(WindowEvent we) 7. void windowOpened(WindowEvent we)

The following program creates a window that responds to mouse events. The main applet window also responds to mouse events.

Sample output

It is possible to create stand-alone AWT-based applications, too. To do this, simply create an instance of the window or windows you need inside main( ).

Sample output

Once created, a frame window takes on a life of its own. Notice

that main( ) ends with the call to appwin.setVisible(true).

Working with Graphics

Working with Graphics

All graphics are drawn relative to a window. (main window of an applet, a child window of an applet, or a stand-alone application window.) The origin of each window is at the top-left corner and is 0,0.
Coordinates are specified in pixels
All output to a window takes place through a graphics context.

Working with Graphics

A graphics context is encapsulated by the Graphics class and is
obtained in two ways: It is passed to an applet when one of its various methods, such as paint( ) or update( ), is called. It is returned by the getGraphics( ) method of Component.

The Graphics class defines a number of drawing functions.

Drawing Lines
void drawLine(int startX, int startY, int endX, int endY)
-

displays a line in the current drawing color that begins at

startX,startY and ends at endX,endY

Drawing Lines

Drawing Rectangles
1. void drawRect(int top, int left, int width, int height) 2. void fillRect(int top, int left, int width, int height) top ,left
The upper-left corner of the rectangle

width and height The dimensions of the rectangle 3. void drawRoundRect(int top, int left, int width, int height, int xDiam, int yDiam)

draws rounded rectangle

xDiam The diameter of the rounding arc along the X axis yDiam The diameter of the rounding arc along the Y axis.

Drawing Rectangles
4. void fillRoundRect(int top, int left, int width, int height, int xDiam, int yDiam) draws a filled rectangle

Drawing Rectangles
Sample output

Sample output

Drawing Ellipses and Circles

1. void drawOval(int top, int left, int width, int height) 2. void fillOval(int top, int left, int width, int height)
The ellipse is drawn within a bounding rectangle whose upper-left

corner is specified by top, left and whose width and height are
specified by width and height To draw a circle, specify a square as the bounding rectangle

Drawing Ellipses and Circles

Drawing Ellipses and Circles

Sample output

Drawing Arcs
1. void drawArc(int top, int left, int width, int height, int startAngle, int sweepAngle)

2. void fillArc(int top, int left, int width, int height, int
startAngle, int sweepAngle) top,left upper-left corner of the bounding rectangle width and height width and height of the bounding rectangle

startAngle , sweepAngle The arc is drawn from startAngle through

the angular distance specified by sweepAngle

Drawing Arcs
The arc is drawn counterclockwise if sweepAngle is positive, and clockwise if sweepAngle is negative.

Angles are specified in degrees.

Zero degrees is on the horizontal, at the three oclock position

To draw an arc from twelve oclock to six oclock, the start angle

would be 90 and the sweep angle 180.

Drawing Arcs

Drawing Arcs
Sample output

Drawing Polygons
1. void drawPolygon(int x[ ], int y[ ], int numPoints) 2. void fillPolygon(int x[ ], int y[ ], int numPoints)

The polygons endpoints are specified by the coordinate pairs

contained within the x and y arrays

numPoints The number of points defined by x and y

Drawing Polygons

Drawing Polygons
Sample output

Sizing Graphics
To size a graphics object first obtain the current dimensions of the window by calling getSize( ) on the window object Once you have the current size of the window, you can scale your graphical output accordingly. getSize( ) returns the dimensions of the window encapsulated within a Dimension object

Sizing Graphics

Sizing Graphics

Sizing Graphics

Working with Color

Working with Color

Java supports color in a portable, device-independent fashion Color is encapsulated by the Color class and defines constants for common colors

You can also create your own colors, using one of the color constructors. 1. 2. 3. Color(int red, int green, int blue) Color(int rgbValue) Color(float red, float green, float blue)

Working with Color

1. The first constructor takes three integers that specify the color as a mix of red, green, and blue. These values must be between

0 and 255
2. The second color constructor takes a single integer that contains the mix of red, green, and blue packed into an integer red in bits 16 to 23, green in bits 8 to 15, and blue in bits 0 to 7 3. The final constructor, takes three float values (between 0.0 and 1.0) that specify the relative mix of red, green, and blue

Using Hue, Saturation, and Brightness (HSB)

An alternative color model to red-green-blue (RGB)

hue specified with a number between 0.0 and

1.0 Saturation ranges from 0.0 to 1.0, representing light pastels to intense hues Brightness values also range from 0.0 to 1.0, where 1 is bright white and 0 is black

Color Methods
The Color class defines several methods that help manipulate colors.
1. static int HSBtoRGB(float hue, float saturation, float brightness)
2. static float[ ] RGBtoHSB(int red, int green, int blue, float values[ ])

3. int getRed( ) Red components of RBG

4. int getGreen( ) Green components of RBG

5. int getBlue( ) Blue components of RBG

6. int getRGB( ) packed RGB representation of a color

Setting the Current Graphics Color

You can change this color by calling the Graphics method setColor( ): void setColor(Color newColor) newColor specifies the new drawing color

You can obtain the current color by calling getColor( ),

Color getColor( )

A Color Demonstration Applet

A Color Demonstration Applet

Setting the XOR Mode

By default, new output to a window overwrites any preexisting contents. However, it is possible to have new objects XORed onto the window by using setXORMode( )

void setXORMode(Color xorColor)

xorColor specifies the color that will be XORed to the window when an object is drawn.

Setting the Paint Mode

To

return to overwrite mode, call setPaintMode( ), shown here: void setPaintMode( )

The advantage of XOR mode is that the new object is always

guaranteed to be visible no matter what color the object is drawn over

the following program displays cross hairs that track the mouse pointer. The cross hairs are XORed onto the window and are always visible, no matter what the underlying color is.

Sample output

Working with Fonts

The AWT provides flexible font-manipulation

Allows dynamic selection of fonts.

Fonts have 1. A family name the general name of the font, such as Courier 2. A logical font name specifies a category of font such as

Monospaced
3. A face name a specific font, such as Courier Italic.

Working with Fonts

Fonts are encapsulated by the Font class

Working with Fonts

Some Methods Defined by Font

Working with Fonts

Some Methods Defined by Font

Determining the Available Fonts

1. To obtain font information, you can use the getAvailableFontFamilyNames( ) method defined by the

GraphicsEnvironment class

String[ ] getAvailableFontFamilyNames( );

This method returns an array of strings that contains the names

of the available font families.

Determining the Available Fonts

2. In addition, the getAllFonts( ) method is defined by the GraphicsEnvironment class

Font[ ] getAllFonts( )
This method returns an array of Font objects for all of the available fonts. Since these methods are members of GraphicsEnvironment, you need a GraphicsEnvironment reference to call them. You can

obtain this reference by using

static GraphicsEnvironment getLocalGraphicsEnvironment( )

Determining the Available Fonts

Determining the Available Fonts

Sample output

Creating and Selecting a Font

To select a new font, you must first construct a Font object that describes that font. One Font constructor has this general form: Font(String fontName, int fontStyle, int pointSize) fontName specifies the name of the desired font. fontStyle The style of the font.
pointSize

The size, in points, of the font

Creating and Selecting a Font

fontName All Java environments will support the following fonts: Dialog, DialogInput, SansSerif, Serif, Monospaced, and Symbol. fontStyle one or more of these three constants: Font.PLAIN Font.BOLD Font.ITALIC. To combine styles, OR them together. For example, Font.BOLD | Font.ITALIC

Creating and Selecting a Font

To use a font that you have created, you must select it using setFont( ), which is defined by Component

void setFont(Font fontObj)

fontObj the object that contains the desired font

Creating and Selecting a Font

The following program outputs a sample of each standard font. Each time you click the mouse within its window, a new font is

selected and its name is displayed

Creating and Selecting a Font

Creating and Selecting a Font

Creating and Selecting a Font

Creating and Selecting a Font

Obtaining Font Information

To obtain information about the currently selected font, you must first get the current font by calling getFont( ). This method is defined by the Graphics class

Font getFont( )
Once you have obtained the currently selected font, you can retrieve information about it using various methods defined by Font.

this applet displays the name, family, size, and style of the currently selected font:

Obtaining Font Information

Managing Text Output Using FontMetrics

FontMetrics class
Encapsulates various information about a font.

Basic Terms :

When drawString( ) method is used , the location specifies left edge of the baseline of the characters, not at the upper-left corner as is usual with other drawing methods

FontMetrics class
FontMetrics defines several methods that help you manage text output.

FontMetrics class
FontMetrics defines several methods that help you manage text output.

FontMetrics class
FontMetrics defines several methods that help you manage text output.

Displaying Multiple Lines of Text Using FontMetrics

Displaying Multiple Lines of Text Using FontMetrics

Displaying Multiple Lines of Text Using FontMetrics

Displaying Multiple Lines of Text Using FontMetrics

Centering Text

Centering Text

Centering Text

Centering Text