CONVECTION & RADIATION

Objective
Experimental studies of various concepts related to Convection and Radiation

Convection
To study and verify the

Radiation
To estimate emissivity of

laws of natural and forced convection To make a comparative study between flat plate and fins.

surface using radiation flux measurement. To observe effect of nature of surface and distance between source and plate on emissivity.

Part 1

Convection

To study and verify the laws of natural and forced convection and make a comparative study between flat plate and fins.

Experimental Setup

Convection

Convection is the mode of heat

transfer with the help of fluids

What effects the heat transfer ?

For a given temperature of the body h and A will decide the rate of convection !!!

How to vary Parameters ?

To vary the value of h, we can vary the speed of the surrounding air. To vary the area, we study the effects of fins, made of aluminum, on the flat plate.

= = = /

Modes of Convection heat transfer

Natural Convection
The heat transfer due to density

Forced Convection
Forced convection is a mechanism,

difference in the fluid, occurring due to temperature gradients. The characteristic number is called Rayleigh number given by : For a vertical plate Gr < 109 Laminar > 109Turbulent

in which fluid motion is generated by an external source (like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.). The characteristic number is Reynolds number which is given by For flat plate : Re<5*10^5 laminar flow 5*10^5 < Re < 10^7 Transient flow Re>10^7 Turbulent flow

Flow Across Tube Banks

For in-line arrangement:

For Staggered arrangement:

Procedure :
1. Put ON the supply and adjust the dimmerstat to obtain the required heat input (Say 40W, 60W, 70W etc) 2. Wait till the steady state is reached, which is confirmed from temperature reading- (T1 to T7) 3. Measure surface temperature at the various point i.e. T1 to T7. 4. Note the ambient temperature i.e. T8. 5. Repeat the experiment at different heat inputs (Do not exceed 80w).

RESULTS
Hexperimental vs. Htheoretical
FLATE PLATE
Hexp Free Forced(low) FINS Hexp Free Forced PIPE BUNDLE Hexp Free Forced 17.8 56.3 Htheo 278.13 460.26 2.77 31.64 Htheo 5.82 224 3.59 16.95 Htheo 9.08 54.29

RESULTS:
FLAT PLATE EFFICIENCY (FREE)= 1.97% FLAT PLATE EFFICIENCY (FORCED AT FAN SPEED

30)=6.19%
FIN EFFICIENCY(FREE)=15.07% FIN EFFICIENCY(FORCED AT SPEED 70)= 13.43% PIPE BUNDLE EFFICIENCY (FREE)=20.74% PIPE BUNDLE EFFICIENCY (FORCED)=33.68%

Sources of errors
The heat loss due to radiation and conduction is not

considered, but they are present, which give different between actual and theoretical values. Thermal conductivity of the fin was not precisely known. Flow rate may be fluctuating.

CONCLUSION:
Efficiency of heat rejection of fins is much higher

as compared to flat surface plate and pipe bundle has even greater efficiency thats why fins and pipe bundle are widely used for heat rejection purposes. Efficiency in case of forced convection is higher.
The reason for the use of fans.

Heat transfer coefficient increases as the forced convection increases which is just the

fundamentals of heat transfer.

Part 2

Radiation

Measurement Of Emissivity Of Various Plates

Emissivity & Definition

The

emissivity of a surface is the ratio of the radiation emitted by the surface at a given temperature to the radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature.

Spectral directional emissivity

Total directional emissivity

For a real surface, it

varies with temperature wavelength, direction.

Gray and Diffuse approximations:

A surface is called diffuse if its

properties are independent of direction, and grayif its properties are independent of wavelength. Real surfaces do not emit radiation in a perfectly diffuse manner as a blackbody does, they often come close. Commonly, the surfaces are assumed to be diffuse emitters with an emissivity equal to the value in the normal(0 ) direction.

Variation of Emissivity with direction (0 refers to normal direction)

Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation heat transfer between

surfaces depends on the orientation of the surfaces relative to each other as well as their radiation properties and temperatures. View Factor ( ) is fraction of radiation emitted by surface i that directly strikes surface j. 0 1 for any two real surfaces.

Three surface enclosure:

assuming ambient as a single surface, experimental setup is approximated to be three surface enclosure.

 A black body is defined as a perfect emitter and a perfect absorber Radiation emitted by a black body per unit area per unit time can be expressed by Stefan-Boltzmann law as =5.67E(-8) is StefanBoltzmann constant. T is absolute temperature of surface in K. Grey Surface:- Emits radiation equal to that of a real surface but less than that of a black body. Polished Surface:- It has low absorbing capacity due to high reflection from its surface.

Apparatus Required:
Black plate Polished plate Grey plate Heat source Radiometer Thermocouple

Acrylic cover

Experimental Setup:

Radiometer: A device for measuring the radiant flux(power) of

electromagnetic radiation. In general, term radiometer denotes an infrared radiation detector but it also includes detectors operating at any electromagnetic wavelength.

Thermocouple: It is a temperature measuring device which

works on the principle of SEEBECK EFFECT. It converts temperature differences directly into electricity.

Procedure:
First view factor was calculated from radiation heat transfer between

black plate and radiometer by converting the flat plate into an equivalent circular one. Black body was heated until the temperature of the black body reaches to a constant value. Reading of radiometer and temperature of plate was noted. Then the position of the plate was changed from 28cm to 23 cm. Using three enclosure approximation and expression for heat transfer between test plate and radiometer, emissivity was calculated. Now the black body is replaced with polished plate and readings are taken . Same procedure is repeated for gray plate.

OBSERVATIONS
For Black Plate:
Sr. No. 1. 2. Distance (mm) 300 350 Ambient Temperature 20.2 19.6 Hot plate temp. 308.7 307 Black plate temp. 53.6 52.7 Radiometer Reading 29 25

For Gray Plate:

Sr. No. 1. 2. Distance (mm) 300 350 Ambient Temperature 20.6 20.7 Hot plate temp. 310.8 311.2 Gray plate temp. 52.1 51.7 Radiometer Reading 25 22

For Polished Plate:

Sr. No.
1. 2.

Distance (mm)
300 350

Ambient Temperature
34.5 34.5

Hot plate temp.

314.5 313.7

Polished plate temp.

36.2 36.3

Radiometer Reading
12 11

RESULTS

For Gray surface

Emissivity of gray surface for two

For Polished surface

Approximating ambient to be at 20o

cases distance (350,300)was found to be (0.89,0.878).

, emissivity values were found to be (0.54,0.513).

SOURCES OF ERROR

From Experiment
Least count of Radiometer is 1

W/m2 which is high compared to order of reading values i.e 10-20.

Steady state may not have

reached fully.
Unexpected problem in setup,

while taking readings for polished plate setup started showing experimental temperature around 34 degrees instead of earlier 20.

From Calculations According to emissivity definition emitted radiations of test and black plate should correspond to same surface temperatures but they were not kept same. Approx. in the view factor. We have approximated surrounding as blackbody which may not be valid.

CONCLUSIONS

Effect of Nature of surface

Emissivity of gray plate is more

Effect of Distance
Comparing values at two distances

than that of polished plate.

This can be attributed to high

for black plate, we see they are close to each other.

Difference between these values

reflectivity of polished surface which emits less radiation.

may be due our assumption that surrounding acts as blackbody since as we change distance, contribution of ambient changes.