Diabetes Mellitus

By
Prof. Dr. Nabil Lymon
Professor of Internal Medicine
Mansoura University
Faculty of Medicine
DEFINITION
 It is a clinical syndrome Characterized by :
 Chronic persistent hyperglycemia.
 Disturbed metabolism of Ptn , Fat, CHO &
Electrolyte.
 Microangiopathy esp. in Retina, Glomeruli, &
vase nervosa.
 It is caused by: ( absolute or relative lack of
insulin )

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CLASSIFICATION OF DM
1. Type I diabetes
A. Immune mediated B. Idiopathic
2. Type 2 diabetes
3. Gestational DM
4. Other specific types:
A. Genetic defects of B-cell function
B. Genetic defects in insulin action
C. Exocrine pancreatic causes
1. Congenital cystic fibrosis
2. Chronic pancreatitis, Hemochromatosis
3. Fibrocalculus pancreatopathy (tropical DM -
tropical malnutrition)
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 A. Endocrinal causes
1. Acromegaly, Pheochromocytoma
2. Cushing syndrome, Conn's syndrome
3. Somatostatinoma Glucagonoma,
4. Thyrotoxicosis
B. Infections:
 congenital rubella
 cytomegallovirus
 Drugs : a- interferon, Corticosteroids , CCP
 Other genetic syndromes: Down's syndrome - Klinefelter
syndrome
 Uncommon forms of immune mediated diabetes: anti-insulin
receptor Ab
N.B:
** (MODY type): Mature Onset Diabetes in the Young:
- Represent 15 % of cases, autosomal dominant, in young obese
people
-Treated by oral antidiabetics, less liable for microangiopathy
** ( LADA ): (Late onset Autoimmune Diabetes of Adult)
 Diagnosis of DM

C/P Complication Investigation DD

 CLINICAL PICTURE
 Asvmptomatic: in 1/3 of cases
 Classic symptoms:
1. Polyuria : with nocturia
2. Polydypsia
3. Polyphagia with weight loss
4. Pruritis especially of vulva
5. Pains & paresthesia
6. Premature loosening of teeth
7. Blurred vision : due to osmotic swelling of lens
 Symptoms of complications: acute, chronic.
 Complication of DM
Acute complications Chronic Complication
2. Diabetic comas.  Neurological compl.
3. Infections.  Ocular Complication.
4. Complication related to  CVS complication .
systems.  Pul. complication
 ARF.
 AMI.
 GIT complication.
 Acute neuropathy
 Renal complication
 Genital complication.
 Skin complication.
 Diabetic Foot.
 Rheumatological comp
 Infection
 Psychiatric complication
 comp. of therapy
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Differential Diagnosis
A) D.D. of reducing substance in urine
1. Glucosuria
1. Renal glucosuria due to Low renal threshold:
 Pregnancy
 De-Toni Fanconi syndrome

2. Alimetary glycosuria: Gastrectomy, liver

cirrhosis
3. Cerebral glucosuria : Sub arachinoid hge ,
Meningitis
2. Other Sugar in urine : Fructosuria , galactosuria,
pentosuria
3. Other Reducing substances in urine : Vit.C ,
salicylates
B). D.D. of symptomatology
1. loss of weight inspite of good appetite:
- Malabsorption syndrome
- Parasitic infestation
- Thyrotoxicosis
 Other causes of Polyuria

C). 1ry from 2rv DM : (Cushing disease)

D). Type 1 DM from Type 2 DM:

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 Type I DM = (IDDM) Type 2= (NIDDM)
Incidence 5-15% 85%
Subtypes Type I A : 80 % immune Type 2-obese: 80
Type I B : 20 % idiopathic Type 2-non obese : 20
Genetic locus Chromosome 6 - recessive Chromosome 11 - multifactorial
HALA DR3, DR4,B8,B15, absent
Pathogenesis See before See before
Age of onset < 30 years > 30 years
onset sudden Gradual
symptoms Severe, including coma May be no symptoms
Complication (DKA) Ketolabile Ketoresistant
Investigation

- Abnormal
Insulin Low or absent
- ↑↑ insulin resistance
Glucagon High and suppressed by insulin High and resistant to insulin
Auto Ab ICA, ICSA, Anti-GAD Absent
C-peptide deficient increased
Treatment Insulin is a must -Diet - OHD ± insulin
Investigations
A- To diagnose DM
Plasma glucose Normal (mg/dl) Prediabetes (IGT) diabetes

Random (casual) < 200mg -- > 200+ polys

Fasting 70 - 100 100-125 (IFG) > 126
2 hr. PP <140 140 -199 (IGT) > 200
 IFG: "Impaired fasting glucose"
100 - 125 mg
 IGT: "Impaired glucose tolerance"- 2h. P.P. 140 -199 mg
IGT Personnel: (rule of third)
1/3 remain IGT
1/3 develop frank DM,
1/3 return to normal plasma glucose
B- To diagnose type of DM
1. Plasma insulin level
 it is low in type 1 DM & show early rise in type 2 DM
2. C -peptide level : assess endogenous insulin
secretion
3. Auto antibodies:
 Anti insulin receptorAb in immune mediated type 1 DM.
 Anti GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)
 ICA
4. For the cause
 If 2 dry DM is suspected e.g. Cushing syndrome.
C- To monitor diabetic patients
 Retinopathy : Fundus Exam.
 Nephropathy : urine analysis for microalbuminuria
 ECG
 Lipid profile
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D- To monitor diabetic patients
 BLOOD:

1. Glvcosvlated proteins
a- Hb A1c:
Target in diabetics: < 7%
 Formed due to non-enzymatic glycosylation of amino acid
valine & lysine in β chain of HbA
 Its % gives an estimate of diabetic control for the preceding 3
months.
 The Normal level 4 - 6 % of total Hb

b- Other glycosylated proteins: fructosamine (glycosylated

albumin) Factors interfering with measurement of A1c.
a- False high values: uremia, high concentrations of fetal
hemoglobin (HbF), high aspirin doses (usually>10 g/day),
or high concentrations of ethanol.
b- False low values: hemogloinopathies, hemorrhage and
hemolytic disorders.
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Thank
You

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