Automobile Engineering

Engine Parts

Piston and Piston Rings

Parts

OHV Engine Design

4-cylinder 8 valves OHV engine

OHC or SOHC Engine

4-cylinder 8 valves SOHC engine

DOHC or Twin cam engine

4-cylinder 16 valves DOHC engine

ME240/107S: Engine Dissection

You are dissecting a 3.5 HP single cylinder, 4 cycle engine, made by Briggs & Stratton in Milwaukee, WI

These engines are typically used in lawn mowers, snow blowers, go-carts, etc

Lecture 1

Engine Terminology
Engine Classifications Carburetors

Engine Terminology: Stroke and Displacement

Stroke
amount

of vertical travel of the piston from bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC)
TDC

Displacement (D)
space

displaced by the piston during a stroke D= (stroke)(p)(Bore)2/4

Bore BDC

Engine Terminology: Compression Ratio

Compression ratio (CR):

ratio

of total volume to the volume of the combustion chamber spark ignition engines have CR = 7-12
CR = (C + D)/C
where C = volume of combustion chamber D = displacement

Classification of Engines

External vs. Internal Combustion Spark Ignition vs. Compression Ignition

Cylinder Configuration
Valve Location

2 Stroke or 4 Stroke

Engine Classification: External vs. Internal Combustion

External combustion
combustion

of an air-fuel mixture transfers heat to a second fluid which becomes the motive (working) fluid that produces power E.g., steam driven engine

Internal combustion
the

products of combustion are the motive fluid

Engine Classification: Spark vs. Compression Ignition

Spark ignition (SI) engines

a

compressed, homogeneous air-fuel mixture (15:1 ratio of air to fuel by mass) is ignited using a spark

Compression ignition (CI) engines

rapid

compression of air to a high pressure raises the temperature so that fuel, when delivered into combustion chamber, spontaneously ignites without need for a spark often referred to as a Diesel engine

Engine Classification: Cylinder Configurations

In Line (Automobile) V (Automobile) Horizontally Opposed (Subaru)

Radial (Aircraft)

Opposed Piston (crankshafts geared together)

Engine Classification: Valve Location

Most common: overhead-valve or I-head

Intake valve

Exhaust valve

Engine Classification: 2 Stroke

Compression (ports closed) Air Taken Into Crankcase

Exhaust Combustion (ports closed) (intake port closed)

Air compressed in crankcase

Scavenging and Intake (ports open)

Engine Classification: 4 Stroke

1
Intake Valve Intake Manifold Cylinder Piston Connecting Rod Crank Crankcase

Exhaust Valve Exhaust Manifold

Spark Plug

Intake Stroke Intake valve opens, admitting fuel and air. Exhaust valve closed for most of stroke

Compression Stroke Both valves closed, Fuel/air mixture is compressed by rising piston. Spark ignites mixture near end of stroke.

Power Stroke Fuel-air mixture burns, increasing temperature and pressure, expansion of combustion gases drives piston down. Both valves closed - exhaust valve opens near end of stroke

Exhaust Stroke Exhaust valve open, exhaust products are displaced from cylinder. Intake valve opens near end of stroke.

Briggs Engine - Intake

Compression

Power Stroke

Exhaust Stroke

Carburetors

Purpose of the carburetor is to produce a mixture of fuel and air on which the engine can operate Must produce economical fuel consumption and smooth engine operation over a wide range of speeds

Requires complicated device rather than a simple mixing valve; price is very important!

Venturi (nozzle)

Use force of atmospheric pressure and artificially created low pressure area to mix fuel and air Use a venturi nozzle to lower air pressure in carburetor to create suction to pull fuel into air

Venturi (nozzle)

Bernoulli Principle: P+1/2 V2 = Constant

Venturi-type Carburetor
Air/Fuel Mixture To Engine Throttle Plate Atomized Fuel Fuel Inlet Float Bowl Valve Stem

Venturi

Choke Plate

Constant level is maintained in bowl as float moves down, valve stem moves down, allowing more fuel into bowl, float moves up and closes valve

Fuel Nozzle

Inlet Air

Metering Orifice

Ref. Obert

Flo-Jet Carburetor

Fuel tank is above carburetor Fuel is fed directly to carburetor by gravity Why the vent?

Flo-Jet Carburetor
Air-fuel mixture

Fuel from tank

Air flow

Pulsa-Jet Carburetor

Incorporates a diaphragm type fuel pump and a constant level fuel chamber

Pulsa-Jet Carburetor Operation

Intake stroke of piston creates a vacuum in carburetor elbow Pulls cap A and pump diaphragm B inward and compresses spring Vacuum thus created on cover side of diaphragm pulls fuel up suction pipe S into intake valve D

Pulsa-Jet Carburetor Operation

When engine intake stroke is complete, spring C pushes plunger A outward Gasoline in pocket above diaphragm to close inlet valve D and open discharge valve E

Fuel is then pumped into fuel cup F

Pulsa-Jet Carburetor Operation

Venturi in carburetor is connected to intake pipe I which draws gasoline from fuel cup F

Process is repeated on the next stroke, keeping the fuel cup full Since fuel cup level is constant, engine gets constant air-fuel ratio

Parts of an IC Engine

Name as many parts as you can

Name: ________________
CROSS SECTION OF OVERHEAD VALVE FOUR CYCLE SI ENGINE