GROUP#7

GROUP MEMBERS Shahnawaz Gul Shoaib Qureshi Irfan Latif Ejaz Mehmood

Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon

Aggression
Aggressionbehavior directed toward the goal of harming another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment

Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon

Theoretical Perspectives
The Role of Biological Factors
Aggression is inherited and instinctual.
Freuds death instinct (thanatos)
Instinct is aimed at self-destruction, but is redirected toward others

Social psychologists disagreed with the idea that aggression was unlearned.
Human aggression takes many forms Frequency of violence varies across cultures

Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon

Theoretical Perspectives
Drive Theories
Drive Theories (of aggression)suggest that aggression stems from external conditions that arouse the motive to harm or injure others.
.

Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon

Theoretical Perspectives
Modern Theories of Aggression
Social learning perspective. General Aggression Modelsuggests that aggression is triggered by a wide range of input variables which influence arousal, affective stages, and cognitions

Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon

Theoretical Perspectives

Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon

Causes of Human Aggression

Social Causes of Aggression Frustration
Does not always lead to some form of aggression
It may lead to sadness, depression.

Aggression does not always result from frustration.

People may aggress for other reasons (boxers, soldiers).

Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon

Causes of Human Aggression

Social Causes of Aggression Provocation
Physical or verbal provocation is one of the main causes of aggression.
People tend to reciprocate with the same or slightly higher level of aggression that they receive from others.
Condescension, the expression of arrogance or disdain, is a strong predictor of aggression.

Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon

Causes of Human Aggression

Social Causes of Aggression Heightened arousal
Arousal in one situation can increase aggression in response to provocation, frustration, etc. in another, unrelated situation
Excitation Transfer Theorysuggests that arousal produced in one situation can persist and intensify emotional reactions occurring in later situations

Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon

Causes of Human Aggression

Exposure to Media Violence
May be a factor that contributes to high levels of violence in countries where it is viewed by many people
This is supported by short-term laboratory experiments and longitudinal studies.

Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon

Causes of Human Aggression

Cultural Factors in Aggression
Cultures of Honorcultures in which there are strong norms indicating that aggression is an appropriate response to insults to ones honor.

Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon

Causes of Human Aggression

Personal Causes of Aggression
TASS model
Type A, Type B behavior pattern

Narcissism
Sensation seeking

Gender differences
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon

Causes of Human Aggression

Situational Determinants of Aggression
High temperatures and aggression There may be link between temperature and human aggression Many people often feel irritable and short tempered on hot and steamy days.

Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon

Causes of Human Aggression

Situational Determinants of Aggression
Alcohol consumption
Participants in experiments who consume alcohol (enough to be legally drunk) behave more aggressively and respond to provocations more strongly than do participants who do not drink alcohol. The effects of alcohol on aggressive behavior may be due to reduced cognitive functioning and the negative effects it has on accurate social perception.

Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon