Gas

Gas

A gas is made up of moving atoms and molecules. The pressure exerted by the gas is related to the collisions of the its molecules with the wall of its container. The ability of a gas to fill the volume of its container must surely be due to the freedom of motion of its molecules. The temperature and internal energy of the gas is related to the kinetic energy of these molecules.

Avogadros number

1 mole is the number of atoms in a 12 g sample of carbon-12. The number of atoms in 1 mole is NA= 6.02 1023 where NA is called Avogadros number. The number of moles,
N n NA where N is the number of molecules.

The number of moles,

msam n M where M is the molecular mass of the substance (mass of 1 mole) and msam is the mass of the substance in g.

Molecular masses of some common gases

Substance Molecular Hydrogen Helium Water vapour Neon Symbol H2 He H2 O Ne Molecular Mass (g/mol) 2 4 18 20

Molecular Nitrogen
Molecular Oxygen

N2
O2

28
32

Argon
Carbon dioxide

Ar
CO2

40
44

Mole

A mole is the amount of material whose mass, m, in grams is numerically equal to the molecular mass, M, of the substance. For example 1 mole of oxygen gas is 32 g. 1 mole of oxygen gas contain 6.02 1023 of oxygen gas molecules. 1 mole of gas at 273.15 K occupies a volume of 22.4 L at pressure 101 kPa. (STP)

Boyles Law

For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, the product of pressure and volume is constant. PV = constant
At constant temperature, Pi Vi = Pf Vf
P

Example
A cylinder with height of 0.20 m and a cross-sectional area of 0.040 m2 has a close-fitting piston that may be moved to change the initial volume of the cylinder. Air at atmospheric pressure ( 1.01 x 105 N m-2) fills the cylinder. If the piston is pushed until it is within 0.12 m of the end of the cylinder, what is the new pressure of the air. Assume that the temperature of the gas remains constant.

Solution
From Boyles Law: P1V1 = P2V2

P1V1 (1.0110 )(0.20 0.040) P2 V2 (0.12 0.040)

5

1.7 10 Pa
5

Charles Law

For a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.

V constant T

At constant pressure

Vi V f Ti Tf

Graphs of Charles Law

Volume
Volume

-273

T(oC)

T(K)

The Pressure Law

For a fixed mass of gas at constant volume, the pressure is directly proportional to the temperature measured in Kelvins. P = constant.

Pi Pf Ti T f

constant volume

Example
An automobile tire is filled to a gauge pressure of 240 kPa in the morning when the temperature is 15 0C. After the car is driven all day over hot road, the tire temperature is 70 0C. Estimate the new gauge pressure.

Solution
P P2 1 T1 T2 T2 P2 P 1 T1 ( 273 70) K ( 240kPa 101kPa) (273 15) K 406kPa

New gauge pressure is 305 kPa.

Ideal Gas Law

Ideal gas Law:

PV = nRT where R (= 8.31 J mol-1 K-1) is called the gas constant

Ideal gas Law:

PV = NkT where k (= 1.38x10-23 J k-1) is called Boltzmann constant k = R/NA

Note temperature expressed in Kelvin.

Example
A spray can containing a propellant gas at twice atmospheric pressure (202 kPa) and having volume of 125.00 cm3 is at 22 0C. It is then tossed into an open fire. When the temperature of the gas in the can reaches 195 0C, what is the pressure inside the can? Assume any change in the volume of the can is negligible.

Solution
Since no gas escape and the volume is the same. Ideal gas law can be expressed as

Pi Pf Ti T f Pf ( Tf Ti ) Pi

468 ( )(202) 320kPa 295

Example
An ideal gas occupies a volume of 100 cm3 at 20 0C and 100 Pa. Find the number of mole of gas in the container.

Solution

Volume, V = 100 cm3 = 1.00 x 10-4 m3. Temperature, T = 20 0C = 293 K. The number of moles,

PV (100)(1.00 104 ) n RT (8.314)(293) 4.11106 mol

Example
A cylinder contains 12 L of oxygen at 20 0C and 15 atm. The temperature is raised to 35 0C, and the volume is reduced to 8.5 L. What is the final pressure of the gas in atmosphere? Assume the gas is ideal.

Solution

Ti = 273 + 20 = 293 K Tf = 273 + 35 = 308 K

PiVi Pf V f Ti Tf PiViT f (15)(12)(308) Pf TiV f (293)(8.5) 22atm

Example
What is the density of carbon dioxide gas at a temperature of 23 oC and atmospheric pressure?

Solution

Mass, m, is related to the number of moles by m = nM. For carbon dioxide, M = 44 g mol-1
m nM MP Density V nRT / P RT (44 103 )(1.01105 ) (8.31)(273 23) 1.81 kg m -3

FEQ Sept 05 (Q3(b))

At 25.0 m below the surface of the sea (sea = 1025 kg/m3), where the temperature is 5.00 oC, a diver exhales an air bubble having a volume of 1.00 cm3. The surface temperature and pressure are 20.0 oC and 1.01 105 Pa, respectively. (i) State the ideal gas law and describe all the notations used. [2 marks] (ii) Determine the volume of the air bubble just before it breaks the surface. [6 marks]

Solution Q3(bii)
Determine at depth 25.0m, (1) the absolute pressure, P1 = Patm + seagh = (2) the absolute temperature, T1 = K State volume in SI units, V1 = m3

Pa

Surface temperature, T2 = Pressure, P2 = 1.01 105 Pa

K and

Assume constant number of molecules, n

P P2V2 1V1 T1 T2 P 1V1T2 Vf T1P2

Daltons Law of Partial Pressure

The total pressure of a mixture of gases, which do not interact chemically , is equal to the sum of the partial pressure, i.e. to the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it alone occupied the volume containing the mixture. Suppose a volume contains n1 moles of gas at partial pressure P1 and n2 moles of gas at partial pressure P2. Total pressure P = P1 + P2

Example
Given 2 moles of H2, 4 moles of O2 and 6 moles of He in a 5-liter vessel at 27 oC, determine the partial pressure of each gas and the total pressure of the mixture.

Solution

Temperature, T = 27 + 273.15 = 300.15 K Partial pressure can be determine from the ideal gas law, nRT P V 28.315300.15 5 2 PH 2 9 . 98 10 Nm 5 103 48.315300.15 19.8 105 Nm 2 PO2 5 103 68.315300.15 5 2 PHe 29 . 6 10 Nm 5 103 Total pressure, Ptotal = 59.3 105 Nm-2

Example
Determine the partial pressure of each gas in a mixture made up of 6g of H2, 32g of O2 and 56g of N2 if the barometric pressure is 750 torr?

Solution
The number of moles of H2: n1 = (6/2) = 3 mol O 2: n2 = (32/32) = 1 mol N2: n3 = (56/28) = 2 mol Total number of moles, n = 6 mol Partial pressure for H2: P1 = (3/6)(750 torr) = 375 torr O 2: P2 = 125 torr N2: P3 = 250 torr