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Amit Kulshreshtha Moog Inc & Ian Cotton National Grid Senior Lecturer
Presentation Summary
Aircraft Electric Power System
Introduction to the importance of HV in electric actuator systems Basic review of HV design Discussion of test methods Summary
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Limited volume/space limits the separation and spacing of high voltage signals/power lines in electric machine windings as well as cabling and power electronics combined with low pressure with high temperature often results in the operation near or, higher than PDIV/CIV for electric discharge
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Partial Discharges
Electrical discharges which do not completely bridge gap Different forms corona, surface, cavity, electrical trees, floating parts Substantially reduce the life of insulation EMC Issues (?) - fast current pulses, rise times in order of nanoseconds Very dependent on voltage type (i.e. AC/DC) The spacing between the conductors, their geometry, and the imperfections in the insulation materials, such as the presence of small/microscopic voids in the insulation and motor winding enamel such as polymides, contribute to the partial discharge
Definitions
Clearance is the shortest distance through air between two conductors and is the path where damage is caused by short duration maximum peak voltage Creepage is defined as the shortest distance between two conductive parts along the surface of any insulating material common to both parts and the breakdown of the creepage distance is a slow phenomenon based upon dc or, rms voltage Clearance relates to flashover creepage relates to tracking
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Paschen's Curve
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Electric Actuators include Electronic Motor Control Unit (EMCU), Electric Drive/Motor coupled to Mechanical Transmission for Electromechanical Actuators (EMA) or, to Hydraulic Transmission for Electrohydrostatic Actuators (EHA). High Voltage (>327V) can be generated within the EMCU or at the Electric Motor / Drive Paschens Curve defines the relationship between voltage breakdown voltage as a function of pressure (altitude) and airgap and below 327V there is no discharge and so no need for concern. Previous generation electric drives mostly operated with line voltages lowered than Paschens minimum operated at a constant frequency. Modern motor/drives driven by high dV/dT PWM drives and operated near or higher than Paschens minimum.
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Motor Windings, Voltage Stress & Partial Discharge Inception Voltage (PDIV), its Variation with Freq & Temp.
Courtsey: Kaufhold et al.:Failure Mechanism of Low Voltage, IEEE Electrical Insulation Mag. March 1996
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Melfi, Low Voltage PWM Inverter Fed Insulation Issues, IEEE Trans IA, Jan 2006
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400 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Cable Insulation Thickness / mm Relative Permittivity=3 Relative Permittivity=8
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As with flashover, ultimately a test is required to prove absence of PD PD dependent on local pressure, temperature but a weak dependence on frequency
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Disruptive Discharges
Cannot be allowed to occur as a disruptive discharge will normally require the operation of circuit protection to clear
Partial Discharges
Can be allowed as long as a number of questions can be answered Does equipment remain safe, functional and reliable over the aircraft lifetime? Is any interference caused to other systems? In reality, answering these questions is very difficult so PD must be designed out Electrical utilities do not tend to allow partial discharge
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Higher Altitude
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Clearances between two conductive parts (e.g. connector pins) easily defined using Paschens law Simple to make adjustments for temperature, pressure and frequency
Breakdown voltage very approximately proportional to pressure Inversely proportional to temperature Can reduce by approximately 20% with use of high frequencies / PWM
1cm gap 30kV DC @ sea level, 1.2kV @ 47000ft and 327V @ 150000ft
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Little known (or at least published) regarding creepage distance dimensioning (at least in scientific literature) Important in determining safe distances over insulation surfaces While pollution is dominant in determining performance of surfaces, impact of pressure on pollution (e.g. boiling point) is significant Measurements have shown observing IPC requirements can still lead to tracking Conformal coating can help eliminate tracking damage but is generally not considered in terms of long term performance due to its aging/degradation
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Degradation from PD possible within winding structure Testing of multi-phase systems / ones operating with PWM difficult (although much can be transferred from extensive work on higher voltage machines) Much work done on power electronic switches
Particularly vulnerable to impact of humidity Difficult to test owing to presence of semiconductor element PD leads to degradation in very short timescale
Industrial grade Power Electronics Modules with IGBTs or other power switching elements may be a source of partial discharge (PD) due to stacking of different dielectric materials within the module as many of the power electronics package designs use silicone gel during packaging of electronics- presence of air molecules/voids in the gel make it susceptible to partial discharge
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Insulation Resistance/Simple AC Testing (i.e. raise the voltage and measure corresponding leakage current)
Improves matters, particularly if appropriate frequency is used, but still cannot detect all partial discharge or turn to turn defects (severe PD may be detected as leakage current flow)
Surge testing
This test detects turn to turn or, coil to coil or, phase to phase insulation defects by comparing the transient response
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Electrical Methods as defined in IEC60270/EN60270 require application of overvoltage and can be used for passive elements inclnding wiring/cabling, PWBs, Motor/Stator Windings etc Overall assy can be tested using a non-intrusive i.e., calibrated RF Detection method operating in altitude/thermal chamber. LRU/Box level testing is some times challenging with RF detection as the box/enclosure provides shielding for Electro-Magnetic Emissions and may be masked. Significant difficulty in testing complete systems using standard lab testing techniques Entire systems must generally be energised with multi-phase / DC / PWM voltages Need non-contact testing to verify if PD is present When do we test? Type test or routine test?
Electrical Optical RF / EMI Acoustic
Description Electrical circuit that picks up Measures light current pulse produced by emission from partial charge transfer during partial discharges discharge Non-contact, applicable for all voltage types. Allows testing of equipment in real conditions Disadvantage Sensitive to electrical noise. Insensitive to any form Cannot test circuit in of internal partial operating condition in most discharge. Sensitive to cases. Most commercial light and highly equipment can only test at directional. up to 400Hz Advantage A good sensitivity and standard for all HV equipment during manufacture Measures radio Measures the acoustic frequency interference emissions produced generated by the by a partial discharge. discharge Non-contact, Non-contact, applicable for all applicable for all voltage types. Allows voltage types. Allows testing of equipment in testing of equipment of real conditions real conditions Depending on Sensitive to other equipment being acoustic emissions. tested, EM emissions Signals cannot always can prevent detection propagate through of PD insulation / casings
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Test Conditions
It is essential that qualification and life cycle HV testing (Hi-Pot, AC, PD etc) be carried out in an appropriate test environment
Electronic units and electric actuators should be tested at the appropriate altitude, with vibration and temperature cycling. The mechanical load will also need to be incorporated into a test as this will affect the circuit voltages
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Hi Voltage increases dV/dT affecting the life of insulation and bearings current; limiting high voltage to lower value will reduce Bearing current & insulation affect life/reliability and equipment usually passes qualification test-need to address mitigation
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Electronics elements should be designed to ensure that the minimum spacing between conductors is maintained with added safety margins over the industrial standards. Electric motor windings need careful attention to ensure that voltage stresses remain within acceptable limits
The design should be based on any steady state or repeated transient voltages that occur with added safety margins to ensure safety.
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Summary
Voltages higher than the nominal input voltage can be present in an electric actuation system These voltages can lead to tracking, partial discharge or breakdown resulting in continual insulation degradation or arcing Designs must be analysed to determine maximum peak/transient voltages and insulation materials / clearances / geometries selected accordingly Should always try and prevent partial discharge occurring and not control it using materials Testing of equipment is essential however it is difficult to comprehensively test a complete system need to consider the testing of components / sub-assemblies There is a need for expanding on-line monitoring and PHM/Condition Based Monitoring to ensure integrity of the insulation over the life of the equipment for operation over minimum Paschens Curve
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