Aerodynamics is Imagineering

We dont yet know what the ultimate airplane concept is.

Flow over Sphere

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Viscous Flow
Frictionless flowReal flow Boundary layer (BL)-fig 4.32 Use of Bernoullis Eqn Combine Analysis-Ludwig Prandtl Pressure in BL BL Thickness () Shear Stress (Skin friction) Velocity profile-fig 4.33

Viscous Flow
In physics and fluid mechanics, a boundary layer is that layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where effects of viscosity of the fluid are considered in detail
The aerodynamic boundary layer was first defined by Ludwig Prandtl in a paper presented on August 12, 1904 at the third International Congress of Mathematicians in Heidelberg, Germany. It allows aerodynamicists to simplify the equations of fluid flow by dividing the flow field into two areas: one inside the boundary layer, where viscosity is dominant and the majority of the drag experienced by a body immersed in a fluid is created, and one outside the boundary layer where viscosity can be neglected without significant effects on the solution.

Boundary Layer
Viscosity Reynolds Number-fig 4.35

Can we go ahead with stream lines?

Boundary layer thickness

LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER

LOW THICKNESS LOW VELOCITIES NEXT TO SURFACE GRADUAL VELOCITY CHANGE LOW SKIN FRICTION

LAMINAR FLOW Re < 2000 low' velocity Dye does not mix with water Fluid particles move in straight lines Simple mathematical analysis possible Rare in practice in water systems.

TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

HIGHER VELOCITIES NEXT TO SURFACE GREATER THICKNESS

SHARP VELOCITY CHANGE

HIGHER SKIN FRICTION
Turbulent flow Re > 4000 'high' velocity Dye mixes rapidly and completely Particle paths completely irregular Average motion is in the direction of the flow Cannot be seen by the naked eye Changes/fluctuations are very difficult to detect. Mathematical analysis very difficult - so experimental measures are used Most common type of flow.

THE BOUNDARY LAYER

Boundary layer on a flat plate

Laminar BL Thickness

THE BOUNDARY LAYER

THE BOUNDARY LAYER

TRANSITION
SURFACE CONDITION SPEED OF FLOW SIZE OF OBJECT REYNOLDS NUMBER

BL

Ref-Chapter 6 Fluid mechanics by Frank M Whitepdf attached

Ref-Chapter 6 Fluid mechanics by Frank M White