Types of Fracture

Types of Fracture

Types of Fracture

Types of Fracture

Types of Fracture

Types of Fracture

Types of Fracture

Agents Inducing Fracture

Load - Static, Fluctuating or Impact

Particle Impingement

External

Environment

Temperature Room Temp., Low Temp. or High Temp.

Agents Inducing Fracture

Material Grade, chemistry, trace elements

Manufacturing Defects, Crystal imperfections, segregation

Internal

Crystal structure, Grain size, texture

Microstructure Phase morphology, distribution and nature,

Concept of stress & Strain

Tensile stress ( = P / A)

Compressive stress ( = P / A)

Shear strain = ( /2)

Normal strains cause changes in dimensions and shear strains cause changes in shape

Shear stress ( = P / A)

Concept of stress at a point

Plane Stress Plane stress refers to a condition where normal and shear stresses act on a plane and where z, xz, and yz are zero. An example of a plane stress state is plate subjected to combined loading.

General state of stress under combined loading

Tri-axial Stress Tri-axial stress refers to a condition where only normal stresses act on an element and all shear stresses (xy, xz, and yz) are zero. An example of a tri-axial stress state is hydrostatic pressure acting on a small element submerged in a liquid.

Biaxial Stress A two-dimensional state of stress in which only two normal stresses are present is called biaxial stress. Uni-axial Stress A one-dimensional state of stress in which normal stresses act along one direction only is called a uni-axial stress state

Pure Shear Stress Pure shear refers to a stress state in which an element is subjected to plane shearing stresses only. Pure shear occurs in elements of a circular shaft under a torsion load

Concept of Principal stress

Principal stresses: As can be seen on Mohrs circle, the principal normal stresses occur on surfaces which have no shear stress. Also, the maximum shear stress is 90o away from the maximum normal stress on Mohrs circle so that it is on a surface oriented 45o away from the surface on which the maximum normal stress occurs.

Failure Theories
Maximum Principal Stress theory (Rankine)

This theory is approximately correct for cast iron and brittle materials According to this theory failure will occur when the maximum principal stress in a system reaches the value of the maximum stress at elastic limit in simple tension Failure will occur if following condition is violated if : Maximum Principal Stress (Elastic Limit or UTS / FoS)

Principal stress is obtained from detailed stress analysis of the component Elastic limit or Ultimate Tensile strength is obtained from Tensile test of the material from which the component is made

Failure Theories
Maximum Shear Stress theory (Tresca)

This is very relevant to ductile metals

It is conservative and relatively easy to apply Determine shear stress (1 - 2) /2 ; (2 - 3) /2 ; (3 - 1)/2

Determine highest Maximum shear stress Determine Yield strength ys of the material from Tensile test Component will fail if the following condition is violated, if : Highest shear stress ys

Failure Theories
Maximum Distortion Energy Theory (Von Mises) Detailed studies have indicated that yielding is related to the shear energy rather than the maximum shear stress It is more realistic. Total energy absorbed by the system consists of two parts i) Energy towards changes in dimensions and ii) Energy towards changes in shape (energy of distortion). In this theory only distortion energy is considered Determine the quantities : (1 - 2) ; (2 - 3) ; (3 - 1)

Compute

[(1 - 2)2 + (2 - 3)2 + (3 - 1)2 ]

Determine Yield strength ys of the material from Tensile test Component will fail if the following condition is violated, if : [(1 - 2)2 + (2 - 3)2 + (3 - 1)2 ] ys

Stress Concentration

Stress Concentration

Stress Concentration

Stress Concentration

Design Process

Failure Mode Assessment