Contents

Aerodynamic objectives History & evolution of aerodynamics in

cars. Methods for evaluating aerodynamics of cars. Description about wind tunnel. German Dutch wind tunnels. References.

Aerodynamic objectives

History and evolution of aerodynamics in cars

First car was manufactured in early

20th century. Ever since the first car was manufactured the aerodynamic drag has been cut off by 40% from the early car this happen upto the early 1950.

The level of aerodynamic drag began to slowly increase. This was due to the way design was thought about. Cars were become more family friendly. During 1970 their was a fuel crisis and so demand for more economical cars become greater which led to change in aerodynamics.

Methods for evaluating aerodynamics of cars

WIND TUNNELS SOFTWARES

Wind tunnel
A wind tunnel is a tool used in aerodynamic research to study the effects of air moving past solid objects.

A wind tunnel consists of A closed tubular passage with the object under test mounted in the middle. A powerful fan system moves air past

The test object is instrumented with a sensitive balance to measure the forces generated by air flow.

Open type wind tunnel

Wind tunnel measurements

Flow visualization Aerodynamic loads Pressure measurements Temperature measurements Acoustic measurements

Flow visualization

Smoke

China clay

Oil

Fog

Aerodynamic loads
Aerodynamic loads are measured using aerodynamic balances. There are several types of aerodynamic balance that can be used: Suspension balance Platform balance Multiple-platform balance Internal (sting balance)

Suspension

Multi-platform

Single platform

Pyramidal

Pressure distribution on aerofoil

Classification of wind tunnels :

Wind tunnel

Open circuit

Closed circuit

Classification of wind tunnel

Wind tunnel

Low spee d

High spee d

Sup er soni c

Hyp er soni c

Sub soni c

main use
Aeronautic Automobi Aeroacou al wind le wind stic wind tunnel tunnel tunnel High External Reynolds flow no V/ Stol Climatic

Spin

German-Dutch Wind Tunnels

Closed circuit, atmospheric, continuous low-speed wind tunnel with one closed wall and one configurable (slotted) wall test section and an open jet

Layout of LLF circuit

Test Sections

Test section arrangement with 8m x 6m test section

Test section floor interchangeability

Support systems
LLF has two standard support systems : A sting support system, to which models are mounted via an internal balance. This is mostly used for aircraft and helicopter testing, but is also necessary for cars in combination with the moving belt (moving ground plane)

 An external under-floor platform type balance with a model support by pads or special adapters. This is mostly the primary choice for cars and trucks

Acoustic measurements
It can be measured by Acoustic mirror

With an array of a large number of microphones

Flow field measurements with PIV

Deformation measurements
Projection Moire Interferometry (PMI).
Projected Grid Method (PGM). Stereo Pattern Recognition (SPR) system.

Setup for SPR with six markers

Car roof deformation measurement

References
www.eswirp.eu/llf/index.php?Introductio ntrs.nasa.gov/.../19840016460_19840 n 16460. pdf - United States en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wind_tunnel http:// https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mu FaxDkUZMY-Aerodynamics: Forces Acting on an airfoil 1941 US Army Air

Thank you