DIESEL ENGINE

An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a heat engine where an (internal) working fluid is heated by combustion in an external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger. The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine, produces motion and usable work. The fluid is then cooled, compressed and reused (closed cycle), or (less commonly) dumped, and cool fluid pulled in (open cycle air engine). Model Stirling engine, with external heat from a spirit lamp (bottom right) applied to the outside of the glass displacer cylinder.

The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine (ICE) the expansion of the hightemperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy.

INTRODUCTION:THE MOST ATTRACTIVE FEATURE OF THE COMPRESSION IGNITION (DIESEL) ENGINE IS ITS EXCELLENT FUEL EFFICIENCY. WHICH CAN SURPASS 40% IN VEHICULAR APPLICATIONS AND EVEN 50% IN LARGE, TWO-STROKE UNITS OF MARINE PROPULSION OR ELECTRICAL GENERATION. CONSEQUENTLY, VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH DIESEL ENGINES ACHIEVE MUCH LOWER SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION AND REDUCED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS.

A diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber. This is in contrast to spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which uses a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. The engine was developed by German inventor Rudolf Diesel in 1893. The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any regular internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%. Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electric generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. As of 2007, about 50% of all new car sales in Europe are diesel.

Rudolf Diesel

ADVANTAGES: INCREASES

o BRAKE POWER o MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

MORE

o POWERFUL o COMPACT o SMALLER

REDUCES

o CO2 EMISSION, o EXHAUST GAS, o NOISE EMMISION

BETTER

FUEL ECONOMY

A two-stroke, two-cycle, or two-cycle engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle in only one crankshaft revolution and with two strokes, or up and down movements, of the piston in comparison to a "four-stroke engine", which uses four strokes to do so. This is accomplished by the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke happening simultaneously and performing the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions at the same time.
A four-stroke engine (also known as four-cycle) is an internal combustion engine in which the piston completes four separate strokesintake, compression, power, and exhaustduring two separate revolutions of the engine's crankshaft, and one single thermodynamic cycle.

The idealized four-stroke Otto cycle p-V diagram: the intake (A) stroke is performed by an isobaric expansion, followed by the compression (B) stroke, performed by an adiabatic compression. Through the combustion of fuel an isochoric process is produced, followed by an adiabatic expansion, characterizing the power (C) stroke. The cycle is closed by an isochoric process and an isobaric compression, characterizing the exhaust (D) stroke.

AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

MODERN, TURBOCHARGED, FOUR-STROKE, DI, DIESEL ENGINES.

A SIX-CYLINDER ENGINE WITH PULSE TURBOCHARGING CONFIGURATION AND TWIN-ENTRY TURBINE. TURBOCHARGER WITH TWIN-SCROLL TURBINE

MECHANICALLY SUPERCHARGED AND AFTERCOOLED ENGINE

THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SYSTEM DELAY DURING TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF A TURBOCHARGED DIESEL ENGINE

FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM:the function of fuel injection system is to inject proper quantity of fuel into the engine cylinders at the correct time and at a predetermined system.
1)COMMON RAIL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM 2)INDIVIDUAL PUMP FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM 3)(DIAGRAM)

FUEL INJECTION PUMP:1) JERK PUMP TYPE FUEL INJECTION PUMP 2) DISTRIBUTOR TYPE FUEL INJECTION PUMP 3) (diagram) TYPES OF FUEL INJECTORS:1) HOLE TYPE NOZZLES 2) PINTEL TYPE NOZZLES

Governor:1) Mechanical governor 2) Pneumatic governor 3) Hydraulic governor Cold starting devices:1) Decompression devices 2) Heater plugs 3) Inlet manifold heater 4) Chemical sprays