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Page 1/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation

Maxwells equations with their Subsidiaries



The first two are:

The second duals are:

With the four constitutional subsidiary equations:
D = E J = v
B = H
Page 2/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
o o
E E


2 2
c e = V
o o
H H


2 2
c e = V
oy
oy oy oy
E
z
E
y
E
x
E

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
c e =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
ox
ox ox ox
E
z
E
y
E
x
E

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
c e =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
oz
oz oz oz
E
z
E
y
E
x
E

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
c e =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Expand in Cartesian you get, x-y plane wave

Helmholtzs equations
oy
oy
E
z
E

2
2
2
c e =
c
c
ox
ox
E
z
E

2
2
2
c e =
c
c
oz
oz
E
z
E

2
2
2
c e =
c
c
Page 3/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
0 ) ( = E div

0 =
c
c
z
E
oz
Along with the zero divergence equation,

0
2
2
2
= =
c
c
oz
oz
E
z
E
c e
0 =
oz
E
ox
oy
E j
z
H
ec =
c
c
Direct substitution in Maxwells curl H equation results in,
Obviously; we have the same z-dependence
ox oy o
E j H jk ec =
ox oy
E H

c
=
Page 4/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Problems Chapter One
Problem (1)
A plane wave at 1 GHz is normally incident on a thin copper sheet of thickness (t).
(a) Compute the transmission losses in dB of the wave at the air-copper and the copper-air interface.
(b) If the sheet is to be used as a shield to reduce the level of the transmitted wave by 150dB, find
the minimum sheet thickness.

Solution:

2 1
s
eo o
o = =
(m) x10 6 . 6
10 x 813 . 5
1
5.03x10
7 -
7
3 -
= = o
Given the skin depth at 10 GHz then,
skin depth at 1 GHz
o
o
q ) j 1 ( + =
Page 5/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
ion transmiss to due loss log(T) 20
t" coefficien on transmissi "
2
T
1 2
2
dB
E
E
i
o
t
o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
q q
q
Page 6/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
o Uniform Plane Wave; Good Conductor (Cont.)

Characteristics;

The wave impedance inside conductor is given by;

Using the complex propagation constant;

The wave impedance is given as; (inductive with 45 phase)

& The Skin depth is given by;





2
) j 1 (
j
jk j
eo
ec
o
| o + = ~ + =

e
q
j
=
o
o
q ) j 1 ( + =

2 1
s
eo o
o = =

1
o
| o = =
Page 7/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
o Wave Reflection and Transmission; Normal Incidence (Cont.)

Two Lossless Dielectric Media (Cont.)

Solving for the reflected and transmitted fields;







Where

E T E
2
E
E E E
i
o
i
o
1 2
2
t
o
i
o
i
o
1 2
1 2
r
o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
q q
q
I
q q
q q
I + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= = I
1 T
t" coefficien on transmissi "
2

t" coefficien reflection "
1 2
2
1 2
1 2
q q
q
q q
q q
i
o
t
o
i
o
r
o
E
E
T
E
E
Page 8/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
o Uniform Plane Wave; Good Conductor (Cont.)

Example (5); typical metals

Determine the skin depth at 10 GHz for the following metals;

The skin depth is given by;

Aluminum;

Copper;

Silver;

(m)
1
5.03x10
2 1
3 -
o eo o
o = = =
(m) 8.14x10
10 x 816 . 3
1
5.03x10
7 -
7
3 -
= = o
(m) x10 6 . 6
10 x 813 . 5
1
5.03x10
7 -
7
3 -
= = o
(m) x10 4 . 6
10 x 173 . 6
1
5.03x10
7 -
7
3 -
= = o
Page 9/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Problem (2)
A linearly polarized plane wave having electric field only in the x direction is normally incident (at z = 0) on
a dielectric slab of permittivity r and thickness d, where: d = o /(4 r ) and o is the free-space
wavelength, as shown in the figure below. If free-space exists on both sides of the slab, find:

I. Expressions for the electric & magnetic fields in each region
II. The required boundary conditions equations
III. The reflection coefficient of the wave reflected from the front of the slab (at z=0)

Solution:
Region 1
Region 2
Region 3
Page 10/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Region 2
Region 3
Boundary conditions
d = o /(4 r )
Region 1
Page 11/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Problem (3)
Based on wave attenuation and reflection measurements conducted at 1 MHz, it was determined that the
intrinsic impedance of a certain medium is 28 45 and the skin depth is 2 m, determine;

a) The conductivity of the material
b) The wavelength in the medium
c) The phase velocity
Solution:
Page 12/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Problem (4)
A TEM wave is propagates along the normal direction (z-axis) to the interface of two media; medium 1
is air, while medium 2 is an air-like one but with / = 1 at = 0.3 G rad/s. Fined;

a) The propagation constant
b) The wave impedance
c) The reflection coefficient
d) The transmission coefficient
Solution:
e) The SWR
f) The first z
max
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Page 14/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Problem (5)
A plane wave experiences an oblique parallel polarization incidence on air-perfect conductor interface,
fined an expression for the surface current density.
Solution:
Page 15/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Problems Chapter Two
Problem (1)
Solution:
) (m
f
c
=
= 15000 m
= 5000 km
= 0.5 m
= 0.003 m
Page 16/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Problem (2)
Solution:
Applying Gauss' Law of electrostatics we get;
Page 17/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Applying Amperes Law,
given that,
the magnetic flux is;
Faradays Law
Page 18/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
resistance per unit length is,
Due a conductivity , a radial current can flow through the material;
total conduction current through the dielectric is,
recall
Page 19/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Problem (3)
Page 20/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Solution:
Apply the
Heaviside condition
Independent of frequency
Page 21/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Problem (4)
Solution:
I
I

+
= =
1
1
V
V
VSWR
min
max
( ) V V z V
o
5 . 1 1 ) (
max
= I + =
+
( ) V V z V
o
6 . 0 1 ) (
min
= I =
+
1
1
+

= I
VSWR
VSWR
1 6 . 0 / 5 . 1
1 6 . 0 / 5 . 1
+

= I
Page 22/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Double-Stub Matching;
_ the location of the first stub d_stub1
_ the location of the second stub d_stub2
_ the length of the first stub L_stub1
_ the length of the second stub L_stub2
Page 23/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Double-Stub Matching;
admittance at the position of the not yet connected second stub lies on the unitary circle;
this is an intermediate design objective!
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Double-Stub Matching;
Page 25/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Double-Stub Matching;
The angular displacement back to stub_1 is obtained as;
Page 26/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Double-Stub Matching;
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Double-Stub Matching;
Page 28/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Double-Stub Matching;
Page 29/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Double-Stub Matching;
Page 30/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Double-Stub Matching;
Forbidden regions
Page 31/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Impedance-Admittance resolution by Smith chart
example
Page 32/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Impedance-Admittance resolution by Smith chart
solution
Page 33/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
conjugate match source impedance (ZS) to load impedance (ZL)
example
Assume Zo to be 50 .
Thus; z
S
= 0.5 j0.3,
z*
S
= 0.5 + j0.3 and
z
L
= 2.0 j0.5.
Next step is to plot the two points on the chart; A for z
L
and D for z*
S
for example.
From A draw a clockwise constant-conductance-circle
to represent the locus of the capacitive- susceptance

From D draw an anti-clockwise constant-resistance-circle
to represent the locus of the inductive-reactance
Page 34/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
Fnd a secant passes by the origin and equally intersects the two loci.
BB' in the figure, it is the vertical line.
The arc A' B measures b = 0.78
The arc B' D measures x = 1.2
Page 35/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
The method of images may be applied to a sphere as well
(Tikhonov 1963).

In fact, the case of image charges in a plane is a special case of
the case of images for a sphere.
Referring to the figure, we wish to find the potential inside a
grounded sphere of radius R, centered at the origin, due to a point
charge inside the sphere at position p.
In the figure, this is represented by the green point.
Let q be the charge of this point. The image of this charge with
respect to the grounded sphere is shown in red. It has a charge
of q'=-qR/p and lies on a line connecting the center of the sphere
and the inner charge.
Page 36/62 ELEC06I03; Electromagnetism (2) Plane-Wave Propagation
the induced charge density will be simply
a function of the polar angle and is given by:
The total charge on the sphere may be found by integrating over all angles:

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