Sandhi 1

Rules of external sandhi for anusvra:

1. Word-final m before a word-initial consonant: devam + payati `s/he sees the god' deva payati devam + dadara `s/he saw the god' deva dadara prvam + sattvam `the former existence'

prva sattvam

Rules of external sandhi for anusvra:

2. Optionally, becomes a homorganic nasal before a consonant: before a velar consonant before a palatal consonant before a retroflex consonant n before a dental consonant m before a labial consonant deva + dadara `s/he saw the god' following

devan dadara

This assimilation takes place neither before the fricatives (, , s, h) nor before r, and happens only rarely before the other semivowels: before y before v l before l ava + vin `without a horse'

ava

vin (written Av!~

ivna )

Rules of external sandhi for visarga:

1. A word-final visarga remains unchanged before a word-initial labial or velar voiceless stop:

yaa + prpa `s/he obtained fame' yaa prpa purua + khanati `the man digs' purua khanati

Rules
2.

of

external

sandhi

for

visarga:

Word-finally,

s before t, th, sometimes s: before , h, sometime : before c, ch, sometimes :

ava + tihati `the horse stands' avas tihati tai + akai `with those hoes' tai akai tata + ca `and then' tata ca

Rules

of

external

sandhi

for

visarga:

3. Word-final before any voiced sound: dev + gacchanti `the gods go'

dev gacchanti

dev + sate `the gods sit'

dev sate

Rules

of

external

sandhi

for

visarga:

4. Word-final a o before any voiced consonant: deva + gacchati `the god goes'

devo gacchati
deva + rocate `the god shines' devo rocate

Rules

of

external

sandhi

for

visarga:

5. Word-final a a before any vowel other than short a: deva + ste `the god sits'

deva ste deva + iha `the god here' deva iha

Rules

of

external

sandhi

for

visarga:

6. When word-final a is followed by a, a o and the following a is elided (where elision is indicated by the used of the avagraha): deva + asti `he is a god'

devo 'sti (written devae =iSt )

Rules

of

external

sandhi

for

visarga:

7. Before a consonant, the words sa `that' and ea `this' behave exceptionally. Optionally, they lose their final before any consonant (voiced or voiceless): sa + gacchati `that one goes'

sa gacchati ea + purua `this man' ea purua

A rule of internal sandhi converting n to

n when it is preceded in the same word by r, , or , and is immediately followed by a vowel, semivowel,
n.

or nasal, provided that a palatal, retroflex, or dental consonant doesn't intervene between the r// and the

A rule of internal sandhi converting n to

n- + -nm `of men (gen. pl.)' nm brahman- + -ya- `pious' brahmayarjn- + -a `kings (nom. pl.)' rjna