Hazardous Waste Management

Marc Vincent Romero

Course outline
What is hazardous waste? Overview of hazardous waste types and characteristics Introduction to waste management

What is hazardous waste?

Hazardous Waste
Hazardous wastes are wastes that are a risk to health of humans to other living organisms They may be solids, liquids, or gases. They often contain toxic, corrosive or explosive materials Properties of these products contain harmful components that are too dangerous to be sent to the landfill, dumped into the sewer system or released into the atmosphere.
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So is your waste a hazardous waste?

The good news

The good news is, you dont have to make that determination. The UAF Hazmat team will decide whether your waste is a RCRA-regulated hazardous waste, a non-regulated hazardous waste, or a non-hazardous waste. Even though you dont have to decide what to call your waste, lets look at the different categories as defined by the EPA.
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General type of Hazardous Wastes

Nuclear waste Industrial waste Medical waste Universal waste

Nuclear Waste
generated during the manufacturing of the different type of nuclear technologies and we can also say that these wastes are produced by nuclear plants These wastes can cause different types of harmful and the destructive problems that can immediately cause different types of cancers of skin as well as of internal parts.
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Industrial waste
generated as a result of the different types of processes of the industries such as manufacturing new products for the benefits of the mankind. Basically this problem is generated from the chemicals that are used in the production of different types of goods. Chemicals include varnishes; wood preservation chemicals etc. different types of medicine manufacturing industries also take part in generating such type of wastes.
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Medical waste
produced from different types of medical process and also related to the hospitality etc. They are biohazard in nature and can cause some incurable diseases also. Basically these wastes are generated from the insecure disposal of the medical products such as needles and blood samplers.

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Universal Wastes
- include the following materials that are commonly found in the workplace Batteries Fluorescent lamps Pesticides Thermometers (containing mercury) Used oil
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Universal waste
generated from the production of the products that are used in the both areas either commercially or personally. Examples are light bulbs and batteries used to run something. As we know that the disposal of the bulbs and the batteries are not seen properly in the societies that can cause the serious problems in the environment.
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HazWaste consists of these two broad categories:

Characteristic hazardous waste (40

CFR 261,Sub.C)

Listed hazardous waste (40 CFR 261,

Subpart D)

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Categories of Hazardous Waste

Hazardous waste determinations are based upon whether the material is a: Characteristic waste Listed on the D-list or TCLP A listed waste materials specifically identified on one of the following lists: F, K, U or P lists Universal waste (batteries; lamps; pesticides; mercury from thermometers)
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Characteristic Wastes
Characteristic of ignitability. Characteristic of corrosivity.
Characteristic of reactivity. Characteristic of toxicity.

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Characteristic of Ignitibility
Wastes exhibit this characteristic if It is a liquid(other than an aqueous solution containing less than 24% alcohol, and has a flash point less than 140 degrees f. It is not a liquid and is capable under STP of causing a fire through friction, absorption of moisture, or spontaneous changes and, when ignited burns so violently that it creates a hazard.
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Characteristic of Ignitibility
Examples: spent low flash point cleaning solvents or mineral spirits; discarded cylinders still containing compressed ignitable gases; paint and/or solvent soaked rags or sorbants which may spontaneously combust while stored

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Characteristic of Corrosivity
Wastes exhibit this characteristic if

It is a liquid and has a pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5.
It is a liquid and corrodes steel(SAE 1020) at a rate greater than 0.25 inches per year at 130 degrees F.

Wastes that exhibit the characteristic of corrosivity have the EPA waste code D002.
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Characteristic of Corrosivity
Examples: extreme acidic or alkaline cleaning solutions; battery acid

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Characteristic of reactivity
It forms explosive mixtures with water.

It is normally unstable and readily undergoes violent change without detonation.

It reacts violently with water.

When mixed with water, it generates toxic gases, fumes, or vapors.

It is a cyanide or sulfide bearing waste, which when exposed to corrosive conditions, can generate toxic gasses, fumes, or vapors.
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Characteristic of reactivity
Examples:

magnesium shavings; old unstable chemicals; certain cyanide or sulfide wastes; forbidden explosives (this class of hazardous waste likely rarely encountered at auto salvage operations)

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Toxicity Characteristic
Waste exhibits this characteristic if
A sample of the waste, using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, the extract from a representative sample of the waste contains any of the contaminants listed in table I of the EPA code at the concentration equal to o greater than the respective value given in the said table. Wastes exhibiting the toxicity characteristic have the waste codes D004-D043.
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Toxicity Characteristic
Examples: waste from paints with high chromium or lead content; battery acid (lead); discarded gasoline or cleanup wastes (benzene); cleaning compounds containing certain solvents, or picking up contaminants such as lead or chromium in use; discarded mercury switches
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Characteristic Wastes
D001 Ignitable Wastes (flashpoint is less than 1400 F) includes oxidizers D002 Corrosive Wastes (pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5) D003 Reactive Wastes (water reactives, normally unstable materials, cyanides & sulfides) D004 - TCLP Wastes (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure)

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Listed Wastes
F-listed wastes are from non-specific sources
Example: halogenated solvents used to degrease equipment

K-listed wastes are from specific sources

Example: product washwaters from the production of dinitrotoluene via nitration of toluene

U-listed wastes are toxic wastes P-listed wastes are acutely hazardous wastes
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Non-specific F-listed sources

Halogenated or non-halogenated solvents or solvent mixtures used in cleaning or degreasing and containing 10% solvent constituent, before use, such as: trichlorethylene (TCE), methylene chloride, chlorinated fluorocarbons xylene, acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIK)

toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), benzene

materials, such as rags or sorbants, contaminated with these solvents
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Specific K-listed sources

various types of treatment sludges certain distillation wastes specific types of manufacturing wastes

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Examples of U-Listed Wastes

Acetaldehyde Acetone Acetonitrile Aniline 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl acetate Ethyl ether Formaldehyde

Benzene
Bromoform 1-Butanol Chloroform

Methyl alcohol
Methylene chloride Phenol Toluene

U-listed chemicals are commonly found in Chemistry labs.

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Examples of P-Listed Wastes

Allyl alcohol
Ammonium vanadate Arsenic acid Arsenic trioxide Carbon disulfide 2,4-Dinitrophenol Fluorine Nitric oxide

Osmium tetroxide
Phenylthiourea Potassium cyanide Sodium azide Sodium cyanide Thiosemicarbazide Vanadium oxide Vanadium pentoxide
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Hazardous Waste Common Symbols

Oxidizer Explosive

Flammable

Poison or toxic

Environmental Hazard

Corrosive

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Non-specific F-listed sources

Halogenated or non-halogenated solvents or solvent mixtures used in cleaning or degreasing and containing 10% solvent constituent, before use, such as: trichlorethylene (TCE), methylene chloride, chlorinated fluorocarbons

xylene, acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIK)

toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), benzene materials, such as rags or sorbants, contaminated with these solvents
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Specific K-listed sources

various types of treatment sludges certain distillation wastes specific types of manufacturing wastes

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Examples of U-Listed Wastes

Acetaldehyde Acetone Acetonitrile Aniline 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl acetate Ethyl ether Formaldehyde

Benzene
Bromoform 1-Butanol Chloroform

Methyl alcohol
Methylene chloride Phenol Toluene

U-listed chemicals are commonly found in Chemistry labs.

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Examples of P-Listed Wastes

Allyl alcohol
Ammonium vanadate Arsenic acid Arsenic trioxide Carbon disulfide 2,4-Dinitrophenol Fluorine Nitric oxide

Osmium tetroxide
Phenylthiourea Potassium cyanide Sodium azide Sodium cyanide Thiosemicarbazide Vanadium oxide Vanadium pentoxide

P-listed chemicals are also fairly common in UAF labs.

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Hazardous Waste Common Symbols

Oxidizer Explosive

Flammable

Poison or toxic

Environmental Hazard

Corrosive

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Identification of Hazardous Waste Common Terms:

Causes severe burns on contact Combustible Explosive Flashpoints less than 140F Oxidizer Poison Pyrophoric
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Excluded wastes
Domestic sewage. Regulated wastewaters. Secondary materials that have been reclaimed & returned to original process. Certain wood preseving solutions.
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Hazardous Waste Exclusions

household waste (residences, motels & hotels, campgrounds, etc)
agricultural waste used as fertilizer

certain production wastes (mining, petroleum, mfg processes)

certain arsenical-treated wood or wood products

petroleum contaminated media & debris from underground storage tank remediation (40 CFR 280)
non-terne plated used oil filters (properly hot-drained)
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Hazardous Waste Management: Overview

Definition of Hazardous Waste

A solid or liquid wastes which because of its quantity, concentration or physical, chemical or infectious characteristics, may:

1. Cause increase in mortality or severe illness, 2. Pose a substantial potential hazard to human health or environment, when improperly treated, stored, transported or disposed

Definition of Hazardous Waste

Nature of Hazardous Waste Management

Hazardous Waste field is interdisciplinary Requires professionals with diverse background working together to solve the complex issue of hazardous waste management

Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment Treatment, Storage and Disposal

Waste Minimization, Recycling and Reduction

Management and Cost

Past Disposal Practice

Soil Spreading
Pits/Ponds/Lagoons Sanitary Landfills

Drum Storage Areas

Underground Storage Tanks Midnight Dumping Uncontrolled Incineration

Waste Generation Rates By Industry

Chemical Products Petroleum & Coal Products Transportation Equipment

Electronics Primary Metals All Other Industries

Typical Hazardous Waste Types

25%

70%

Inorganic Liquid

Organic Liquid

Sludge

Materials Disposed in HWTC

Liquid organic waste Oily sludge and residue from petroleum industry Spent oil and catalysts Contaminated soil Liquid heavy metals Acidic and basic solids and liquids Liquid ammonia and urea Off-Specification products

Description of the HWTC

Liquid Waste Treatment Facility Land Farming Facility Class I Hazardous Waste Landfill Class II Regular Waste Landfill Solidification and Stabilization Unit Incinerator

Important Points
The priorities of hazardous Waste management in decreasing order of importance: Minimization/Prevention
Treatment/Remediation Disposal

Liquid Waste Treatment Facility

Separate tank farm storage for acidic and basic waste as well as drum storage area Neutralization reactors Sludge storage reactor Standby neutralization reactors to be used during maintenance

Activated Carbon Column

Liquid Phase Adsorption Treatment System

Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Chemical Oxidation
In general the objective of chemical oxidation is to detoxify waste by adding an oxidizing agent to chemically transform waste components Chemical oxidation is a well established technology that is capable of destroying a wide range of organic molecules, including chlorinated VOCs, phenols and inorganics such as cyanide

Process Description
Chemical Oxidation is based on the delivery of oxidants to contaminated media in order to either destroy the contaminants by converting them to innocuous compounds commonly found in nature The oxidants applied are typically hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), potassium permanganate (KMnO2), ozone (O3)

Process Description

Land Farming Facility

Land farming is the preferred technology for the treatment of oily sludge and hydrocarbon contaminated soils, which constitute the main component of hazardous organic wastes to be treated at the HWTC

Base Liner Detail

WASTE FILTER SOIL GEOMEMBRANE SUBSOIL GRAVEL W/ PERFORATED PIPE

Land Farming Facility (contd)

Compounds to be treated at the land Farming Facility: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylenes; Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs): phenols, creosol, naphthalene, phennathrene, benzo(a)pyrene, flourrene, anthracene, chrysene; and Heavy Metals: chromium, cyanides, lead and nickel

Aerobic Biodegradation
HYDROCARBON PRODUCT

ORGANIC POLLUTANT + MICROORGANISMS + NUTRIENTS + OXYGEN

CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + BIOMASS

Microorganisms
Regarding the natural breakdown of hydrocarbon products, bacteria are the main microorganism in the bioremediation process
Bacteria act as decomposers and utilize hydrocarbon product as a source of energy

Nutrients
Nutrients enhance the biodegradation process by supplying essential elements required for optimal microbial growth and maintenance Nutrients can be supplied in the field through the application of manure or fertilizer C:N:P = (100-300):10:1

Requirements for Biodegradation

Proper nutrient balance Temperature 15 30 oC Acceptable pH 5.5 - 8.5 Moisture content of 60% - 80% of field capacity Oxygen concentration Presence of toxic heavy metals

Naphthalene Removal Efficiency

Bio-piles

Soil Composting

Hazardous Waste Landfill

Class I Landfill should include: Double liner Leachate collection Leachate detection system Surface water control mechanism Impermeable cover system

Hazardous Waste Landfill Liner System

Regular Waste Landfill

Class II Landfill should include: Single liner Leachate collection Surface water control mechanism Impermeable cover system

Regular Waste Landfill

Solidification and Stabilization

The solidification and stabilization facility (SSF) will be designed to inactivate and immobilize contaminants prior to landfilling

Solidification and Stabilization

The following waste will be processed by SSF plant prior to landfilling: Mercury contaminated solid wastes; Solid miscellaneous inorganic sulfur; Semi-solid hazardous waste; and Sludge from Liquid Hazardous Waste Treatment

Solidification and Stabilization

S/S reduces the mobility of hazardous substances and contaminants in the environment through both physical and chemical means S/S seeks to trap or immobilize contaminants within their host medium (i.e. soil, sand and binding agent) Leachability testing is usually performed to measure the immobilization of contaminants from the stabilized matrix

Solidification and Stabilization

General binding and sorbent materials:
Cement Pozzolans Lime Silicates Organically Modified Clays

High Temperature Thermal Desorption

HTTD is a technology in which wastes are heated to 320 to 560 oC Produce final contaminant concentration level below 5 mg/kg

Incinerator
Structure to house the furnace
Tipping floor where the Hazardous Waste is disposed

Storage pit to store the Hazardous Waste delivered

Charging system Furnace Air pollution control Ash handling system

Environmental Monitoring
Air Quality Groundwater Quality Surface Water Quality Dust and Noise

Environmental Monitoring
Selection of the parameters of concern Sampling methodology Quality assurance /quality control plan