ADOLESCENCE

ADOLESCENCE
The period from the onset of puberty to the termination of physical growth and attainment of final adult height and characteristics.

Changes during Adolescent:Onset of puberty

Biological changes
Cognitive changes

Emergence of more advanced cognitive abilities

Self image, intimacy, relations with adults and peers

Transition into new roles in society

Emotional changes

Social changes

Stages of Adolescent
Early adolescent (12-13 years) This is characterized by a spurt of growth and development of secondary sexual characteristics. Middle adolescent (14-16 years) This stage is distinguished by the development of a separate identity from parents, of new relationship with peer groups, and opposite sex. Late adolescent (17-21 years) At this stage adolescents have fully developed physical characteristics, and form a distinct identity.

PHYSICAL & BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

EARLY ADOLESCENT (12-13 years)

WEIGHT :- Male- 38-60 kg Female- 40-60 kg HEIGHT :- Male- 154-172 cm ( 60-68 inch ) Female- 153-167 cm ( 60-66 inch) PULSE :- 65 +/- 8 beats/min. RESPIRATION :- 19 +/- 3 per min. BLOOD PRESSURE :- Male- 114/68 +/- 10/14 mmHg Female- 112/66 +/- 10/12 mmHg DENTITION - Increase the no. of permanent teeth. Eruption of second molars. PHYISIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT - Secondary sex characteristics.

MIDDLE ADOLESCENT (14-16 YEARS)

WEIGHT :- Male- 50-60 kg Female- 42-64 kg HEIGHT :- Male- 164-180 cm ( 64-72 inch ) Female- 155-169 cm ( 60.5-68.5 inch) PULSE :- Male- 63 +/- 8 beats/min. Female- 66 +/- 8 beats/min. RESPIRATION :- 17 +/- 3 per min. BLOOD PRESSURE :- Male- 116/70 +/- 12/14 mmHg Female- 114/70 +/- 14/12 mmHg

LATE ADOLESCENT (17-21 YEARS)

WEIGHT :- Male- 56-80 kg Female- 48-72 kg HEIGHT :- Male- 163-182 cm ( 65-73 inch ) Female- 156-170 cm ( 60-67 inch) PULSE :- Male- 70 +/- 10 beats/min. RESPIRATION :- 17 +/- 3 per min. BLOOD PRESSURE :- Male- 126/74 +/- 26/16 mmHg Female- 124/74 +/- 28/14 mmHg DENTITION- Eruption of third molars (wisdom teeth) and have full set of 32 permanent teeth.

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

EARLY ADOLESCENT (12-13 years)

Motor function comparable to adult. Eye-hand coordination at adult level. Sebaceous glands of face, back, chest become more active. Heart and lungs usually grow more slowly.

MIDDLE ADOLESCENT (14-16 YEARS)

Motor function comparable to that of adult. Eye-hand co-ordination at adult level. Possesses manual dexterity.

LATE ADOLESCENT (17-21 YEARS)

Motor function comparable to that of adult. Eye-hand co-ordination at adult level. Possesses manual dexterity.

PSYCHOSOCIAL / EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Group identity During the early stage of

adolescence the pressure to belong to a group is intensified. Teenagers find it essential to have a group to which they feel, they can belong and this provides them with status.

Individual identity the quest for personal identity is

a part of ongoing identification process. Body awareness is the part of self awareness and for some time the adolescent will engage in assimilating the self represented by this dimension.

Cont..
Sex role identity Adolescence is the time for consolidation of a sex-role identity. During early adolescence the peer group begins to communicate some expectations regarding heterosexual relationships, and as development progresses, adolescence encounter expectations for mature sex-role behavior from both peers and adults.

EARLY ADOLESCENT (12-13 years)

Beginning of development of sense of identity. Egocentric world center around child. Show mood swings and extremes of behavior. Experiences sense of loss as begin to separate from parents. Day dreams over heroes. Continues same sex friendship.

MIDDLE ADOLESCENT (14-16 YEARS)

Sense of identity (13-18 year). Egocentrism diminishes. Separation from parents continues. Heterosexual relationship. Verbally attacks parents beliefs & values.

LATE ADOLESCENT (17-21 YEARS)

Sense of identity (13-18 years) Sense of intimacy Establishes interdependent relationship with parents.

Heterosexual relationship are rules.

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

FREUDS Genital period of development (11-16 years)

Great surge of genital sexual development. The secondary sexual characteristics appear. Masturbation and sexual fantasies are common in this period. Genitally mature & capable of reproduction.

Sexual identity and roles

Appropriate sex-role behavior can affect the individuals sexual identity. Major decisions were taken by adolescence like sexual orientation, education, career, marriage. Spermatogenesis 13 years, production of semen in ejaculation, erection daily. Overt awareness of sexual feelings is a more diffuse process in the female adolescence and generally occurs at a later age.

SEXUAL MATURITY RATING( SMR ) scale

Genitalia stages for boys

G1-Testes, scrotum, penis are small in size G2-Testes and penis is slightly enlarged. G3-Penis enlarge, scrotum & testes further enlarge. G4-Penis further enlarges in breadth, glands develop, and scrotal skin darkens. G5-Mature adult size testes, scrotum and penis.

Cont
Pubic hair stages for both sexes

PH1-Preadolescent, no pubic hair. PH2-Pigmented hair at the base of penis, & bilaterally along medial border of labia in females. PH3-Pigmentation of hair increases. PH4-Pubic hair become coarse in texture, involves more area. PH5-Spread to median part of thighs.

Cont
Breast development stage for girls

B1-Preadolescent, elevated papilla. B2-Breast forms, elevation breast and papilla, increase in areolar diameter. B3-Breast and areola enlarged further, but their contours are not separated. B4-Contour of breast is well defined, Areola and papilla form a secondary mound above the contour. B5-Mature breast, areola recedes into general contour of breast, papilla projects as nipple.

SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT

EARLY ADOLESCENT (12-13 years)

Acc. to FOWLER (1974-83) Stage of synthetic conventional faith Diverse self image & integrated into a coherent identity. Personal and social values involve to support this identity. Emotional solidarity. Integrate the subject of death.

MIDDLE ADOLESCENT (14-16 YEARS) Synthetic conventional faith(12-16 year).

LATE ADOLESCENT (17-21 YEARS) Individuating-reflecting faith.

INTELLECTUAL & COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Cognitive thinking culminates with the capacity of abstract thinking. Adolescent are no longer restricted to the real and actual, they now think beyond the present. Without having to centre attention on the immediate situation, they can imagine a sequence of events that might occur.

EARLY ADOLESCENT (12-13 years)

Formal operational thought (11-15 years) Generate hypothesis and constructing theories. Uses the scientific method for problem solving. Spends more time in extra curriculum activities in academic works. Adolescent dreams and plan into future but dreams and plans may change as think, learn, and their cognitive abilities continue to develop.

MIDDLE ADOLESCENT (14-16 YEARS)

Formal operational thought (11-adulthood) Express concern for education vs. vocational choice. Adolescents have some difficulty to adjustment in school. They may spend more time in extracurricular activities then in academic work.

LATE ADOLESCENT (17-21 YEARS)

Formal operational thought (11-adulthood). Pursues further education or enters the job market.

MORAL DEVELOPMENT

EARLY ADOLESCENT (12-13 years)

Post conventional stage-5 (13+ years) -

Post conventional levels also have 2 stages Stage 5 = Characterized by social contract orientation. The rule and laws established for mutual good, mutual co-operation, mutual development. The individual conform to maintain others respect. Stage 6 = The highest level is oriented towards decision of conscience and towards universal ethical principles ( justice, human rights, dignity of human beings ).

MIDDLE ADOLESCENT (14-16 YEARS) Post conventional stage-5 (13+ years) Possibly stage-6 (adolescent to adulthood) LATE ADOLESCENT (17-21 YEARS) Post conventional stage-6 Orientation towards decisions of conscience universal ethical principles.

LANGUAGE AND SPEECH DEVELOPMENT

Adolescents continue to learn new words and new concepts, as well as the symbolic organization of their culture. Learn the relationship between thought and speech. Vocabulary continue to accure throughout the lifespan during these years, slang or jargon appears as a result of peer group interaction. Adolescents need parents who can express their needs and desire yet listen to the adolescents point of view.

Cont

Verbal discussion and arguments can foster growth. Adolescents learn to express and defend their desires and wishes while parents also clarify their needs and rules. Interaction is enhanced if there is give-and-take relationship. Communications with friends are also valuable because these relationships provide opportunities for friends to talk and to be with each other and to discuss the various options that are available.

PLAY STIMULATION

EARLY ADOLESCENT (12-13 years)

Recreational activities:-choose activities according to individual interests. Parties, conversation, helping others, interest in world affairs, expressive arts, hobbies, social drinking, drugs etc.

MIDDLE ADOLESCENT (14-16 YEARS) Engages in organized competitive sports.

LATE ADOLESCENT (17-21 YEARS) Recreational activities:-choose more passive spectators sports.

DEVELOPMENT OF SELF CONCEPT AND BODY IMAGE

The sudden growth takes place in early adolescence creates feelings of confusion for adolescents. They have lost the security of a familiar body and feel strangeness about their altered bodies. Adolescents are continuously comparing themselves with their peers and making judgments about their own normality based on these observations. The hormonal effect of the sebaceous glands produces acne that creates problem in many youngsters.

BODY IMAGE

Body image is defined as the way a person pictures his/her own body. It is an important ingredient of our self concept, helping to determine whether we accept or reject ourselves, we feel confident in social relationship, we have an idealized or realistic idea of our attractiveness, strength, skills, and sex appeal. Body image is compromised of two dimensionsthe perceptual (evaluation of size of ones body) the effective (evaluation of abilities).