(semirigid),

A typical hydraulic system

1 pump 2 oil tank 3 flow control valve 4 pressure relief valve 5 hydraulic cylinder 6 directional control valve 7 throttle valve
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 1

What is Fluid Power?

Fluid power is energy transmitted and controlled by means of a pressurized fluid, either liquid or gas. The term fluid power applies to both hydraulics and pneumatics. Hydraulics uses pressurized liquid, for example, oil or water; Pneumatics uses compressed air or other neutral gases. Fluid power can be effectively combined with other technologies through the use of sensors, transducers and microprocessors.
From: http://www.nfpa.com/OurIndustry/OurInd_AboutFP_WhatIsFluidPower.asp

Reservoir
The primary purpose of the reservoir is to hold the system fluid not currently in use in the system Other important functions of the reservoir are:
Remove heat Separate solid particles Release air from fluid Separate water from fluid
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. 3

Reservoir
The reservoir serves many functions

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Reservoir
Baffles are used in the interior of reservoirs to direct flow to maximize the distance the fluid must travel between the return line and the pump inlet line
Slows the movement of the fluid Increases cooling Increases separation of solid particles, air, and water
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Reservoir
Typical reservoir construction

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Conductors
Pipe, tubing, and flexible hose are considered basic conductors in a hydraulic system

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Conductors
Conductors must have:
Adequate strength to withstand high system pressures Low flow resistance to assure low energy loss during system operation A design that allows economic installation and low maintenance

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Conductors
Conductors must not only withstand normal system operating pressure, but also hydraulic shock pressures Shock pressures result from kinetic energy in the system when:
Directional control valves are shifted to reverse the movement of a load or heavy machine member Actuators encounter sudden load changes
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. 9

Conductors
Future maintenance must be carefully considered when designing and installing hydraulic system conductors to assure minimal difficulty in removing components for service

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

10

Conductors
Tubing:
Is a relatively thin-walled, semirigid conductor Can be bent and shaped into lines that provide good flow characteristics with a minimum of visual clutter

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

11

Conductors
Tubing can be bent, unlike pipe

Used with permission of CNH America LLC

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

12

Conductors
Hose is a flexible conductor made up of:
Inner tube to conduct the fluid Middle layer of reinforcing material for strength Outer protective coating to withstand abrasion and abuse

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

13

Conductors
Hose provides flexibility

Used with permission of CNH America LLC

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

14

Hydraulic fluids - tasks They have the following primary tasks: o Power transmission (pressure and motion transmission) o Signal transmission for control Secondary tasks: o Lubrication of rotating and translating components to avoid friction and wear o Heat transport, away from the location of heat generation, usually into the reservoir o Transport of particles to the filter o Protection of surfaces from chemical attack, especially corrosion
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 15

Hydraulic fluids - requirements Functional o Good lubrication characteristics o Viscosity should not depend strongly on temperature and pressure o Good heat conductivity o Low heat expansion coefficient o Large elasticity modulus

Economic o Low price o Slow aging and thermal and chemical stability long life cycle
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 16

Hydraulic fluids - requirements (contd.) Safety o High flash point or in certain cases not inflammable at all o Chemically neutral (not aggressive at all against all materials it touches) o Low air dissolving capability, not inclined to foam formation Environmental friendliness o No environmental harm o No toxic effect

2005/2006 I.

Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

17

Hydraulic Accumulators
Constructions and tasks in the hydraulic system
With weight With spring With gas
(hydropneumatic accumulator)

Tasks: The hydropneumatic accumulators perform different tasks in the hydraulic systems, e.g.: reserve energy store fluid emergency operate force compensating damp mechanical shocks absorb pressure oscillations compensate leakage losses springs in vehicles recover of braking energy stabilize pressure compensate volumetric flow rate (expansion reservoir)

Separating part between gas and fluid

Piston Bladder Membrane

Constructions

2005/2006 I.

Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

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Properties of Compressed Air

Availability Easily stored in large volumes Simplicity in design and control Provides linear and rotary movement Installation Low system cost due to low component cost

Properties of Compressed Air

Components have long working life resulting in longer system reliability Environmentally friendly Safety issues are minimized e.g.. Fire hazards; unaffected by overloads (actuators stall or slip) Pneumatic actuators in a system do not produce heat (except for friction)

A Basic Pneumatic System

Air Production and Distribution System

Line Filter Compressor Pressure Switch Check Motor Valve Pressure Gauge Refrigerated Air Dryer Drain Tank

A Basic Pneumatic System

Air Consumption System

Actuator

Drain Unit Conditioning Directional Valve Air Line Take-off

Air Receiver
A pressure Vessel (Tank) normally made of metal and installed either horizontally or vertically. This vessel provides a volume of air to be utilized by the system and reduced the loading and unloading of the compressor.

Air Receiver (Tank)

Air Treatment
All atmospheric air carries both moisture and dust

Inlet Filter

Used to remove large particle dirt from entering the system.

Used to prevent excessive wear of cylinder, piston rings and other moving parts in the initial stage of the system

Regulating and Conditioning

The compressed air to be used in a system needs to be treated because of contamination inside the system. An example of this could be the scaling of piped or worn seal material. A line filter is used to collect water and solid impurities. A Lubricator is used to vaporize oil into the air stream to lubricate moving parts in the system such as air tools A regulator is used to adjust the line pressure to a lower usable pressure needed for some tool applications.

Air Dryer
Compressed air cannot hold the same amount of moisture as non compressed air. Once the air is compressed, some of the moisture condenses in the tank and is removed through a drain valve. The remaining moisture will rust internal components of the system and must be removed. One way this is done by sending the air through an air conditioned chamber which will condense more of the moisture which is present.

Control Valves
3 Port Pilot Valve 3 Port Pilot Valve

Double Pressure Operated 5 Port Valve

Actuators
The work done by a pneumatic actuator can be linear or rotary.

There are two basic types of linear cylinders Single-acting Double-acting