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Sexual Reproduction
Chromosomes are duplicated in germ cells Germ cells undergo meiosis and cytoplasmic division
Asexual Reproduction
Single parent produces offspring All offspring are genetically identical to one another and to parent
Sexual Reproduction
Involves
Meiosis Gamete production Fertilization
Question 2
2. Sexual reproduction involves three (3) processes, identify them.
Fertilization
http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/page4.html
Fertilization Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_eNmc _gHyE
Sister Chromatids
Prior to S of interphase, each chromosome consists of a single chromatid.
A pair of sister chromatids
http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/eng/virtuallessons/cellcycle/chromosome/
Variation in Offspring
http://www.seapix.com/jagphoto/ladybugs.htm
Gamete Formation
Gametes are sex cells (sperm, eggs)
ovaries
testes
anther
ovary
Figure 10.2a Page 164
Chromosome Number
Sum total of chromosomes in a cell Germ cells are diploid (2n)
Meiosis Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_mQS_FZ0
Meiosis I
Each homologue in the cell pairs with its partner, then the partners separate
Meiosis II
The two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome are separated from each other
Meiosis I - Stages
Prophase I
Metaphase I Anaphase I
Telophase I
Figure 10.4 Page 167
Prophase I
Each duplicated chromosome pairs with homologue Homologues swap segments Each chromosome becomes attached to spindle
Figure 10.4 Page 167
Metaphase I
Chromosomes are pushed and pulled into the middle of cell The spindle is fully formed
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes segregate The sister chromatids remain attached
Figure 10.4 Page 167
Telophase I
The chromosomes arrive at opposite poles Usually followed by cytoplasmic division
Prophase II
Microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the duplicated chromosomes
Metaphase II
Duplicated chromosomes line up at the spindle equator, midway between the poles
Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate to become independent chromosomes
Telophase II
The chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes Four haploid cells
Figure 10.4 Page 167
Crossing Over
Each chromosome becomes zippered to its
homologue
All four chromatids are closely aligned Nonsister chromosomes exchange segments
Figure 10.5 Page 168
Random Alignment
During transition between prophase I and metaphase I, microtubules from spindle poles attach to kinetochores of chromosomes Initial contacts between microtubules and chromosomes are random
Random Alignment
Either the maternal or paternal member of a homologous pair can end up at either pole The chromosomes in a gamete are a mix of chromosomes from the two parents
or
or
or
mitosis zygote
multicelled sporophyte
fertilization
Diploid Haploid
meiosis
spores mitosis
mitosis zygote
multicelled body
fertilization
Diploid Haploid
meiosis
gametes
Oogenesis
oogonium (diploid)
ovum (haploid)
Growth
spermatogonium (diploid )
spermatids (haploid)
Spermatogenesis
Growth
Oogenesis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kkrY1D Teqvs&feature=related
Spermatogenesis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POpbN 6RHOO0&feature=related
http://tinyurl.com/477s9wl
March 08, 2011| Reuters When it comes to male fertility, it turns out that size does matter..
Fertilization
Male and female gametes unite and nuclei fuse Fusion of two haploid nuclei produces diploid nucleus in the zygote Which two gametes unite is random
Adds to variation among offspring
Zygote, diploid
fertilization
Meiosis
Function
Sexual reproduction
Prophase I (Meiosis)
Homologous pairs become zippered together
Anaphase/Anaphase II (Mitosis/Meiosis)
Sister chromatids of a chromosome separate from each other
Meiosis
Four haploid cells produced
http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/expeditions/treasure_fossil/Treasures/Unisexual_Whiptail_Lizards/lizards.html?50
How does this species remain vigorous without the normal genetic variants?